Sonali

The clipper circuits are basically used to clip the portion of any input signal without changing the remaining part of the input waveform.

The amplitude of the carrier signal varies in accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal in Amplitude Modulation.

Frequency Modulation is the technique in which the frequency of a carrier signal is varied according to the message signal.

There are three operational amplifiers in the circuit of an Instrumentation Amplifier of which two non inverting amplifiers are the inputs.

Crystal Oscillator is specially designed in a circuit to provide low impedance when it operates in series-resonant mode and high impedance.

CMOS is a new type of MOSFET logic is made combining both the PMOS and NMOS processes and is called complementary MOS.

There are many applications of DSP in the present era. Such as in speech coding and compression, electrocardiography and many more.

Addressing modes are used to specify the data to be operated with the help of instructions.

Snubber Circuit is the one used for suppressing voltage spikes. These are energy absorbing circuits. RC circuits are basic snubber circuits.

Laplace Transform is a method used for solving differential equations. The Dirichlet condition defines the necessary condition for transform

The 8051 interrupts are INT0, INT1,TO ,T1 , TI/RI. All these interrupts are controlled by IE (interrupt enable) register.

A controller which controls the motor is called Variable Frequency Drive. By varying the frequency and voltage of supply it controls the motor

The main components of Phase Locked Loop are a phase detector with a voltage controlled oscillator. It also has loop filter feedback.

Whenever a signal is sampled below Nyquist rate (fs < 2B), the signal is called under sampled and the Aliasing effect hampers the results.

The Circular Convolution can be performed using two basic methods which are concentric circle method and matrix multiplication method.

In order to make communication more safer and reliable digital signals are used. The basic digital modulation techniques are ASK, PSK,FSK and MSK

Watchdog timer is a hardware microcontroller. It is basically used to take out a system from an infinite loop and resets the system.

The convolution theorem states that the transform of convolution of f1(t) and f2(t) is the product of individual transforms F1(s) and F2(s).

FDMA allows users to transmit signals simultaneously to satellite transponders with the help of specific frequency to every user in a channel

TDMA (Time division multiple access) is used where there is no need for continuous transmission. Due to this it can be used instead of FDMA.

CDMA is a multiple access system. This single channel is used by multiple senders to send the information simultaneously.

The Programmable Interrupt controller is also known as PIC micro-controller. It is used as interfacing device. It has different operating modes.

The losses in transformer are listed below. Some of them occur due to alternating flux or due to ohmic resistance in the windings.

The IC 555 timer is an 8 pin chip. It is used in applications such as multivibratiors. It operates in astable, bistable and monostable mode.

The multiplexer is a special type of combinational circuit which has n-data inputs, one output and m inputs select lines with 2^m = n.

The z-transform is primarily used to convert the discrete time domain signal into discrete frequency domain signal.