Chemistry

The process of production of food with the help of sunlight, water and air by the plants is the photosynthesis. It is…

free energy refers to the amount of internal energy in a thermodynamic system that is available to do work. There are different forms of thermodynamic free energy

Petroleum Refining is defined as the industrial process of production of useful petroleum products from crude oil. The crude oil in its raw form is a dark and sticky liquid which is not useful. To get the usable products from the crude oil, it needs to be refined.

These are those polymers which decompose under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, as a result of the action of microorganism/enzymes.

Crystal field theory established in 1929 explains the interaction of the metal ion and the ligand as a pure electrostatic reaction

Polyvinyl chloride is produced from the main component. It is white, brittle solid material available in powder form or granules.

Chirality is an important property of asymmetry in many branches of science. A chiral molecule or ion exists in two stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other, called enantiomers

Optical activity is the ability of a chiral molecule to rotate the plane of plane-polarised light.some organic compounds cause the rotation of polarized light

Elastomers are polymers showing properties of both viscosity and elasticity and are also called viscoelasticity. The molecules of elastomers held together by weak intermolecular forces

Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) estimates the amount of biodegradable organic matter that is present in polluted waters, effluents and polluted waters

It is a theoretical model which details the molecular composition of the gas in terms of a huge number of sub microscopic particles that contain both atoms and molecules.

Diastereomers are compounds that can be defined as having similar sequence of bonded elements and same molecular formula, they are however non superimposable and non-mirror images

the particles that have a dimension with respect to their external, internal and surface structure and lie in the range of 1nm to 100nm are called as Nanoparticles

At equilibrium Nernst equation is given by,
E0 = (2.303RT/nF) log10Keq
Where, Keq = equilibrium constant and F= faradays constant, and gives a relation between standard electrode potential.

Quantum number is a value that is used to indicate the energy that is present in atoms and molecules, in addition an electron that exists within an ion or atom has four such numbers to exhibit the energy state

Amines are functional groups and compounds having a basic nitrogen atom with a lone pair. In other terms amines are the derivatives of ammonia(NH3)

Saponification is the hydrolysis of an ester with NaOH or KOH to give alcohol and sodium or potassium salt of the acid.

The Molecular orbital theory was utilised initially to emphasize the bonding in molecules as the valence band theory could not explain the bonding in molecules.

Calcination is a very simple chemical process, where the solid material or the substance is heated in a controlled environment, in the process the temperature is also regulated

this type of isomerism occurs by arrangements of atoms or the functional groups that belong to atoms that are not similar in nature.

Smelting, is a process in metallurgy, where the metal obtained from its ore by heating beyond its melting point, in the presence of oxidizing agents,

Electron affinity is the amount of energy required to detach one electron from a negatively charged ion of an atom or molecule

Colloids are mixtures of dispersed insoluble particles of one substance that are microscopic in nature, and are suspended in another substance.

The sample path length and concentration of the sample are directly proportional to the absorbance of the light.

Enthalpy is the measurement of energy in a thermodynamic system. The quantity of enthalpy equals the total content of heat of a system

Buffers are generally characterised by pH range by which they maintain a more or less constant pH by their buffer capacity.

According to Hund’s rule:
Before the double occupation of any orbital, every orbital in the sub level is singly occupied.

Pauli exclusion principle states that no two electrons present in a single atom will have an identical set or will have the same quantum numbers

Enantiomers are a pair of molecules that exist in two forms that are mirror images of one another but cannot be superimposed one upon the other

water that contains a required quantity of dissolved minerals (like calcium and magnesium) ,Water hardness is usually measured as calcium hardness in milligrams per litre (mg/l)