Encoders convert 2N lines of input into a code of N bits and Decoders decode those N bits into 2N lines.

ZigBee forms the upper layer for control and sensor applications. It is built above IEEE 802.15.4.

In Huffman Coding the input is assigned a variable length code. The smallest code is assigned to the character which occurs the most.

FFT algorithms are based on the fundamental principle of decomposing the computation of DFT of sequence length into successively smaller DFT

The z-transform is primarily used to convert the discrete time domain signal into discrete frequency domain signal.

UART converts serial to parallel data on the transmitter side.

It is a resistor whose resistance changes with change in temperature.

The Fourier transform states that non-periodic signal having finite area under the curve can be represented into integrals of sine and cosine

Electron affinity is the amount of energy required to detach one electron from a negatively charged ion of an atom or molecule

Colloids are mixtures of dispersed insoluble particles of one substance that are microscopic in nature, and are suspended in another substance.

The sample path length and concentration of the sample are directly proportional to the absorbance of the light.

Enthalpy is the measurement of energy in a thermodynamic system. The quantity of enthalpy equals the total content of heat of a system

Buffers are generally characterised by pH range by which they maintain a more or less constant pH by their buffer capacity.

According to Hund’s rule:
Before the double occupation of any orbital, every orbital in the sub level is singly occupied.

Pauli exclusion principle states that no two electrons present in a single atom will have an identical set or will have the same quantum numbers

Enantiomers are a pair of molecules that exist in two forms that are mirror images of one another but cannot be superimposed one upon the other

water that contains a required quantity of dissolved minerals (like calcium and magnesium) ,Water hardness is usually measured as calcium hardness in milligrams per litre (mg/l)

The Aufbau principle highlights the way in which the electrons are filled in the atomic orbitals of an atom in its ground state

Toposheets is a topographic map is a two dimensional representation of a three dimensional land surface.

Plane table surveying is a graphical method of surveying in which the field work and plotting are carried out simultaneously.