In order to make communication more safer and reliable digital signals are used. The basic digital modulation techniques are ASK, PSK,FSK and MSK
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Watchdog timer is a hardware microcontroller. It is basically used to take out a system from an infinite loop and resets the system.
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The convolution theorem states that the transform of convolution of f1(t) and f2(t) is the product of individual transforms F1(s) and F2(s).
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FDMA allows users to transmit signals simultaneously to satellite transponders with the help of specific frequency to every user in a channel
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TDMA (Time division multiple access) is used where there is no need for continuous transmission. Due to this it can be used instead of FDMA.
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CDMA is a multiple access system. This single channel is used by multiple senders to send the information simultaneously.
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The Programmable Interrupt controller is also known as PIC micro-controller. It is used as interfacing device. It has different operating modes.
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The losses in transformer are listed below. Some of them occur due to alternating flux or due to ohmic resistance in the windings.
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The IC 555 timer is an 8 pin chip. It is used in applications such as multivibratiors. It operates in astable, bistable and monostable mode.