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The losses in optical fiber are Absorption loss, scattering loss, dispersion loss, radiation loss and coupling loss.

The losses in transformer are listed below. Some of them occur due to alternating flux or due to ohmic resistance in the windings.

The Switched mode power supply is abbreviated as SMPS is used to convert the regulated DC output voltage from unregulated DC or AC voltage.

It is a DC motor which rotates in steps. After the electrical signal is fed to the motor, it starts to rotate in steps. The speed of the motor is dependent on the rate of input signal applied. The input applied to the motor decides the direction of rotation of the motor. The rotor is a permanent magnet which rotates.

The amplitude of the carrier signal varies in accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal in Amplitude Modulation.

The State transition matrix is that matrix whose product with the state vector at initial time gives the value of variable x for time t.

Whenever a signal is sampled below Nyquist rate (fs < 2B), the signal is called under sampled and the Aliasing effect hampers the results.

Transducer is a device which converts physical quantity or energy of one form to signal or energy of another form.