Systems Programming and Operating System

Unit I: Introduction
Introduction to Systems Programming, Need of Systems Programming, Software Hierarchy, Types of software: system software and application software, Machine structure.
Evolution of components of Systems Programming: Text Editors, Assembler, Macros, Compiler, Interpreter, Loader, Linker, Debugger, Device Drivers, Operating System. Elements of Assembly Language Programming: Assembly Language statements, Benefits of Assembly Language, A simple Assembly scheme, Pass Structure of Assembler.
Design of two pass Assembler: Processing of declaration statements, Assembler Directives and imperative statements, Advanced Assembler Directives, Intermediate code forms, Pass I and Pass II of two pass Assembler.

Unit II: Macro Processor and Compilers
Introduction, Features of a Macro facility: Macro instruction arguments, Conditional Macro expansion, Macro calls within Macros, Macro instructions, Defining Macro, Design of two pass Macro processor, Concept of single pass Macro processor.
Introduction to Compilers: Phases of Compiler with one example, Comparison of Compiler and Interpreter.

Unit III: Linkers and Loaders
Introduction, Loader schemes: Compile and Go, General Loader Scheme, Absolute Loaders, Subroutine Linkages, Relocating Loaders, Direct linking Loaders, Overlay structure, Design of an Absolute Loader, Design of Direct linking Loader, Self-relocating programs, Static and Dynamic linking.

Unit IV: Operating System (OS)
Introduction: Evolution of OS, Operating System Services, Functions of Operating System.
Process Management: Process, Process States: 5 and 7 state model, Process control block, Threads, Thread lifecycle, Multithreading Model, Process control system calls. Process Scheduling: Uni-processor Scheduling, Scheduling: Preemptive, Non-preemptive, Long-term, Medium-term, Short term scheduling. Scheduling Algorithms: FCFS, SJF, RR, and Priority.

Unit V: Synchronization and Concurrency Control
Concurrency: Principle and issues with Concurrency, Mutual Exclusion, Hardware approach, Software approach, Semaphore, Mutex and monitor, Reader writer problem, Producer Consumer problem, Dining Philosopher problem.
Deadlocks: Principle of Deadlock, Deadlock prevention, Deadlock avoidance, Deadlock detection, Deadlock recovery.

Unit VI: Memory Management
Introduction: Memory Management concepts, Memory Management requirements.
Memory Partitioning: Fixed Partitioning, Dynamic Partitioning, Buddy Systems Fragmentation, Paging, Segmentation, Address translation.
Placement Strategies: First Fit, Best Fit, Next Fit and Worst Fit.
Virtual Memory (VM): Concepts, Swapping, VM with Paging, Page Table Structure, Inverted Page Table, Translation Look aside Buffer, Page Size, VM with Segmentation, VM with Combined paging and segmentation.
Page Replacement Policies: First In First Out (FIFO), Last Recently Used(LRU), Optimal, Thrashing.