Control Systems

Unit 1 Basics of Control System

Basic concepts of control system, classification of control systems, types of control system: feedback, tracking, regulator system, feed forward system, transfer function, concept of pole and zero, modeling of Electrical and Mechanical systems (Only series linear and rotary motion) using differential equations and transfer function , analogy between electrical and mechanical systems, block diagram algebra, signal flow graph, Mason’s gain formula.

Unit 2 Time domain analysis

Concept of transient and steady state response, standard test signals: step, ramp, parabolic and impulse signal, type and order of control system, time response of first and second order systems to unit impulse, unit step input, time domain specifications of second order systems, derivation of time domain specifications for second-order under-damped system for unit step input, steady state error and static error coefficients.

Unit 3 Stability analysis and Root Locus

Concept of stability: BIBO, nature of system response for various locations of poles in S-plane. Routh’s-Hurwitz criterion. Root Locus: Angle and magnitude condition, Basic properties of root locus. Construction of root locus, Stability analysis using root locus.

Unit 4 Frequency domain analysis-I

Introduction, Frequency domain specifications, correlation between time and frequency domain specifications, polar Plot, Nyquist plot, stability analysis using Nyquist plot.

Unit 5 Frequency domain analysis-II

Introduction to Bode plot, Asymptotic approximation: sketching of Bode plot, stability analysis using Bode plot.

Unit 6 PID controllers and Control system components

Basic concept of P, PI, PID controller, design specifications in time domain and frequency domain. design of PID controller by Root Locus, tuning of PID controllers using Ziegler-Nichol Methods Control System Components: Working principle and transfer function of Lag network, lead network, potentiometer, DC servo motors.

Power Electronics

Module 1: Power switching devices 
Diode, Thyristor, MOSFET, IGBT: I-V Characteristics; Firing circuit for thyristor; Voltage and current commutation of a thyristor; Gate drive circuits for MOSFET and IGBT.

Module 2: Thyristor rectifiers 
Single-phase half-wave and full-wave rectifiers, Single-phase full-bridge thyristor rectifier with R- load and highly inductive load; Three-phase full-bridge thyristor rectifier with R-load and highly inductive load; Input current wave shape and power factor.

Module III: DC-DC Buck and Boost Converter
Elementary chopper with an active switch and diode, concepts of duty ratio and average voltage, power circuit of a buck converter, analysis and waveforms at steady state, duty ratio control of output voltage. Power circuit of a boost converter, analysis and waveforms at steady state, relation between duty ratio and average output voltage.

Module IV: Single-Phase Voltage Source Inverter 
Power circuit of single-phase voltage source inverter, switch states and instantaneous output voltage, square wave operation of the inverter, concept of average voltage over a switching cycle, sinusoidal pulse width modulation, modulation index and output voltage.

Module V: Three-Phase Voltage Source Inverter 
Power circuit of a three-phase voltage source inverter, switch states, instantaneous output voltages, average output voltages over a sub-cycle, 120- degree conduction, 180-degree conduction, three-phase sinusoidal pulse width modulation

Power System-I

Unit 01: Structure of Electrical Power Systems and Tariff
A) Structure of Electrical Power Systems: Structure of electrical power system, Different
factors associated with generating stations such as Connected load, Maximum demand,
Demand factor, Average load, Load factor, Diversity factor, Plant capacity factor, Reserve
capacity, Plant use factor, Load curve, Load duration curve, Concept of base load and peak
load stations, Advantages of interconnected grid system, Fitting of available generating station
into the area load duration curve. 
B) Tariff: Introduction of Tariff, Tariff setting principles, desirable characteristics of tariff,
various consumer categories and implemented tariff such as two part tariff, three part
tariff(Numerical on two part and three part tariff), Time of day tariff for H.T and L.T
industrial and commercial consumers, Introduction to Availability based tariff (ABT), kVAh
tariff(Descriptive treatment only).

Unit 02 Major Electrical Equipment's in Power Station & Underground Cables 
A) Major Electrical Equipment's in Power Station: Descriptive treatment of ratings of various
equipment used in power station, Special features, field of use of equipment like alternators,
necessity of exciters, various excitation systems such as dc excitation, ac excitation and static
excitation systems, Power transformers, voltage regulators, bus-bars, current limiting reactors,
circuit breakers, protective relays. Current transformers, potential transformers, Lightning
arresters, Earthing switches, isolators, Carrier current equipment’s (P.L.C.C), Control panels,
battery rooms, metering and other control room equipment in generating station. 
B)Underground Cables: Construction of Cables, Classification of cables, XLPE cables,
Capacitance of single core and three core cable, Dielectric stresses in single core cable, Grading
of cables, inter sheath grading, capacitance grading.

Unit 03: Mechanical Design of Overhead lines and Insulators:
A) Mechanical Design of Overhead lines: Main components of overhead lines, Various types of
line supports, Conductor spacing, Length of span, Calculation of sag for equal and unequal
supports and effect of ice and wind loading. 
B) Overhead Line Insulators: Types of insulators, its construction and their applications such as
Pin type, Suspension type, Strain type, Shackle type, Post insulators, bushing. Potential
distribution over suspension insulators, String efficiency, (Numerical on string efficiency and up
to four discs only), Methods of improving string efficiency

Unit 04:Resistance and Inductance of Transmission Line: 
Resistance of transmission line, Skin effect and proximity effect, Factors responsible for
production of these effects, Internal and external flux linkages of single conductor, Inductance of
single phase two wire line, Necessity of transposition, Inductance of three phase line with
symmetrical and unsymmetrical spacing with transposition, Concept of G.M.R and G.M.D,
Inductance of bundled conductors.

Unit 05: Capacitance of Transmission Line: 
Electric potential at single charged conductor, Potential at conductor in a group of charged
conductors, Capacitance of single phase line, Capacitance of single phase line with effect of
earth's surface on electric field, Concept of G.M.R and G.M.D for capacitance calculations, need
of transposition for capacitance calculations, Capacitance of three phase line with symmetrical
and unsymmetrical spacing with transposition. Capacitance of single circuit and double circuit
three phase line with symmetrical and unsymmetrical spacing considering transposition (without
considering earth effect).

Unit 06: Performance of Transmission Line 
Classification of lines based on length and voltage levels such as short, medium and long lines,
Performance of short transmission lines with voltage current relationship and phasor diagram,
Representation of medium lines as 'Nominal П' and 'Nominal T' circuits using R,L and C
parameters, Ferranti effect, Representation of 'T' and 'П' models of lines as two port networks,
Evaluation and estimation of generalized circuit constants (ABCD) for short and medium lines,
Estimation of efficiency and regulation of short and medium lines.

Digital Signal Processing

Unit I: Introduction 
Basic elements of DSP and its requirement, Advantages of Digital over analog signal processing, sampling theorem, sampling process and reconstruction of sampling data.
Discrete time signals & systems: Discrete time signals & systems, classification of discrete time signals and systems, LTI systems, linear convolution, Cross Correlation, Autocorrelation.

Unit II: Z- Transforms 
The Z-transform: Definition, properties of the region of convergence for the Z-transform, Z-transform properties, Inverse Z-transform, Parseval’s theorem, unilateral Z-transform.

Unit III: Discrete and Fast Fourier Transforms 
Definition and properties of DFT, IDFT, Relation between DFT and Z–Transform, Radix- 2 FFT algorithms, Linear filtering methods based on DFT, circular convolution, Frequency analysis of discrete time signals using DFT, Gortzel algorithm.

Unit IV: IIR Filter Design & Realization 
Filter design methods – Approximation of derivatives, Impulse invariance, bilinear transformation, characteristics & designing of Butterworth, Chebyshev filters, frequency transformations, IIR filter structures- Direct form I-II, transpose form, parallel form, cascade, Lattice and Lattice-ladder structures.

Unit V: FIR Filter Design & Realization 
Symmetric and antisymmetric FIR filters, Linear phase FIR filter, design of FIR filters using windows (Rectangular, Bartlett, Hanning, Hamming & Blakman), frequency sampling method, FIR differentiators, FIR filter structures.

Power System - II

Unit 1 Performance of Transmission Lines 
Evaluation of ABCD constants and equivalent circuit parameters of Long transmission line. Concept of complex power, power flow using generalized constants, surge impedance loading, Line efficiency, Regulation and compensation, basic concepts. Numerical based on: ABCD constants of Long transmission line, Power flow.

Unit 2 EHVAC Transmission 
Role of EHV-AC transmission, standard transmission voltages, average values of line parameters, power handling capacity and line losses, phenomenon of corona, disruptive critical voltages, visual critical voltages, corona loss, factors and conditions affecting corona loss, radio and television interference, reduction of interference, Numerical Based on Corona, Corona loss and power handling capacity.
 

Unit 3 Per Unit System and Load Flow Analysis 
Per unit system: Single line diagram, Impedance and reactance diagrams and their uses, per unit quantities, relationships, selection of base, change of base, reduction to common base, advantages and application of per unit system. Numerical based on network reduction by using per unit system. Load Flow Analysis: Network topology, driving point and transfer admittance, concept of Z-bus and formulation of Y-bus matrix using bus incidence matrix method, Numerical based on Y bus Matrix, power- flow equations generalization to n bus systems, classification of buses, Newton- Raphson method (polar method) Decoupled and Fast decoupled load flow.

Unit 4 Symmetrical Fault Analysis 
3-phase short-circuit analysis of unloaded alternator, sub-transient, transient and steady state current and impedances, D.C. Offset, and effect of the instant of short-circuit on the waveforms, estimation of fault current without pre-fault current for simple power systems, selection of circuit-breakers and current limiting reactors and their location in power system

Unit 5 Unsymmetrical Fault Analysis
Symmetrical components, transformation matrices, sequence components, power in terms of symmetrical components, sequence impedance of transmission line and zero sequence networks of transformer, solution of unbalances by symmetrical components, L-L, L-G, and L-L-G fault analysis of unloaded alternator and simple power systems with and without fault impedance. Numerical based on symmetrical components and unsymmetrical fault calculation.

Unit 6 HVDC Transmission 05 hrs
Classification and components of HVDC system, advantages and limitations of HVDC transmission, comparison with HVAC system, introduction to HVDC control methods - constant current, constant ignition angle and constant extinction angle control, HVDC systems in India, recent trends in HVDC system.

Integrated Circuits

Unit 1

The 741 IC Op-Amp: General operational amplifier stages (bias circuit, the input stage, the second stage, the output stage, short circuit protection circuitry), device parameters, DC and AC analysis of input stage, second stage and output stage, gain, frequency response of 741, a simplified model, slew rate, relationship between ft and slew rate.

Unit 2

Linear Applications of IC Op-Amps: Op-Amp based V-I and I-V converters, instrumentation amplifier, generalized impedance converter, simulation of inductors.
Active Analog filters: Sallen Key second order filter, Designing of second order low pass and high pass Butterworth filter, Introduction to band pass and band stop filter, all pass active filters, KHN Filters. Introduction to design of higher order filters.

Unit 3

Frequency Compensation & Nonlinearity: Frequency Compensation, Compensation of two stage Op-Amps, Slewing in two stage Op-Amp. Nonlinearity of Differential Circuits, Effect of Negative feedback on Nonlinearity. Non-Linear Applications of IC Op-Amps: Basic Log–Anti Log amplifiers using diode and BJT, temperature compensated Log-Anti Log amplifiers using diode, peak detectors, sample and hold circuits. Op-amp as a comparator and zero crossing detector, astable multivibrator & monostable multivibrator. Generation of triangular waveforms, analog multipliers and their applications.

Unit 4

Digital Integrated Circuit Design: An overview, CMOS logic gate circuits basic structure, CMOS realization of inverters, AND, OR, NAND and NOR gates.
Latches and Flip flops: the latch, CMOS implementation of SR flip-flops, a simpler CMOS implementation of the clocked SR flip-flop, CMOS implementation of J-K flip- flops, D flip- flop circuits.

Unit 5

Integrated Circuit Timer: Timer IC 555 pin and functional block diagram, Monostable and Astable multivibrator using the 555 IC. Voltage Controlled Oscillator: VCO IC 566 pin and functional block diagram and applications.
Phase Locked Loop (PLL): Basic principle of PLL, block diagram, working, Ex-OR gates and multipliers as phase detectors, applications of PLL.