UNIT-1

INTRODUCTION :
Origins and challenges of NLP – Language Modeling: Grammar-based LM, Statistical LM –
Regular Expressions, Finite-State Automata – English Morphology, Transducers for lexicon and
rules, Tokenization, Detecting and Correcting Spelling Errors, Minimum Edit Distance
WORD LEVEL ANALYSIS
Unsmoothed N-grams, Evaluating N-grams, Smoothing, Interpolation and Backoff – Word Classes,
Part-of-Speech Tagging, Rule-based, Stochastic and Transformation-based tagging, Issues in PoS
tagging – Hidden Markov and Maximum Entropy models.

UNIT-2 SYNTACTIC ANALYSIS
Context-Free Grammars, Grammar rules for English, Treebanks, Normal Forms for grammar –
Dependency Grammar – Syntactic Parsing, Ambiguity, Dynamic Programming parsing – Shallow
parsing – Probabilistic CFG, Probabilistic CYK, Probabilistic Lexicalized CFGs – Feature
structures, Unification of feature structures.

UNIT-3 SEMANTICS AND PRAGMATICS
Requirements for representation, First-Order Logic, Description Logics – Syntax-Driven Semantic
analysis, Semantic attachments – Word Senses, Relations between Senses, Thematic Roles,
selectional restrictions – Word Sense Disambiguation, WSD using Supervised, Dictionary &
Thesaurus, Bootstrapping methods – Word Similarity using Thesaurus and Distributional methods.

UNIT-4 BASIC CONCEPTS of Speech Processing :
Speech Fundamentals: Articulatory Phonetics – Production And Classification Of Speech Sounds;
Acoustic Phonetics – Acoustics Of Speech Production; Review Of Digital Signal Processing
Concepts; Short-Time Fourier Transform, Filter-Bank And LPC Methods.

UNIT-5 SPEECH ANALYSIS:
Features, Feature Extraction And Pattern Comparison Techniques: Speech Distortion Measures–
Mathematical And Perceptual – Log–Spectral Distance, Cepstral Distances, Weighted Cepstral
Distances And Filtering, Likelihood Distortions, Spectral Distortion Using A Warped Frequency
Scale, LPC, PLP And MFCC Coefficients, Time Alignment And Normalization – Dynamic Time
Warping, Multiple Time – Alignment Paths.
Hidden Markov Models: Markov Processes, HMMs – Evaluation, Optimal State Sequence –
Viterbi Search, Baum-Welch Parameter Re-Estimation, Implementation Issues.