PCC-EE23 Power Systems – II

Module 1: Power Flow Analysis
Review of the structure of a Power System and its components. Analysis of Power Flows: Formation of Bus Admittance Matrix. Real and reactive power balance equations at a node. Load and Generator Specifications. Application of numerical methods for solution of non-linear algebraic equations – Gauss Seidel and Newton-Raphson methods for the solution of the power flow equations. Computational Issues in Large-scale Power Systems.

Module 2: Stability Constraints in synchronous grids
Swing Equations of a synchronous machine connected to an infinite bus. Power angle curve. Description of the phenomena of loss of synchronism in a single-machine infinite bus system following a disturbance like a three—phase fault. Analysis using numerical integration of swing equations (using methods like Forward Euler, Runge-Kutta 4th order methods), as well as the Equal Area Criterion. Impact of stability constraintson Power System Operation. Effect of generation rescheduling and series compensation of transmission lines on stability.

Module 3: Control of Frequency and Voltage
Turbines and Speed-Governors, Frequency dependence of loads, Droop Control and Power Sharing. Automatic Generation Control. Generation and absorption of reactive power by various components of a Power System. Excitation System Control in synchronous generators, Automatic Voltage Regulators. Shunt Compensators, Static VAR compensators and STATCOMs. Tap Changing Transformers. Power flow control using embedded dc links, phase shifters and

Module 4: Monitoring and Control
Overview of Energy Control Centre Functions: SCADA systems. Phasor Measurement Units and Wide-Area Measurement Systems. State-estimation. System Security Assessment. Normal, Alert, Emergency, Extremis states of a Power System. Contingency Analysis. Preventive Control and Emergency Control.

Module 5: Fault Analysis and Protection Systems
Method of Symmetrical Components (positive, negative and zero sequences). Balanced and Unbalanced Faults. Representation of generators, lines and transformers in sequence networks. Computation of Fault Currents. Neutral Grounding.

Text/References:
1. J. Grainger and W. D. Stevenson, “Power System Analysis”, McGraw Hill Education,1994.
2. O. I. Elgerd, “Electric Energy Systems Theory”, McGraw Hill Education,1995.
3. A. R. Bergen and V. Vittal, “Power System Analysis”, Pearson Education Inc.,1999.
4. D. P. Kothari and I. J. Nagrath, “Modern Power System Analysis”, McGraw Hill Education,2003.
5. B. M. Weedy, B. J. Cory, N. Jenkins, J. Ekanayake and G. Strbac, “Electric Power Systems”, Wiley, 2012.