Unit II
Natural Resources and Sustainable Development
Question bank
Q1) Write the meaning and definition of natural resource. (5)
A1) Meaning
Natural resources are components that exist within the world without human intervention. These natural resources range from renewable to non-renewable, biological to non-biological, and tangible to intangible. Natural resources are essential to the survival of humans and all other living things. All products around the world use natural resources such as water, air, natural chemicals and energy as basic components. Due to the high demand for natural resources around the world, they are rapidly depleted. As a result, most countries promote the proper management and sustainable use of natural resources.
Definition:
A naturally occurring substance that is considered valuable in its relatively unmodified (natural) form. The value of natural resources depends on the amount of substance available and the demand for it. The latter is determined by its usefulness for production. A product is generally considered a natural resource if the main activity associated with the product is extraction and purification rather than creation. Therefore, mining, oil mining, fishing, hunting and forestry are generally considered natural resource industries, but agriculture is not. The term was introduced to a wide audience by E.F. Schumacher in his 1970s book "Small is Beautiful".
The definition of natural resources is found in nature, which is useful to humans. All natural resources are limited. In other words, once used, it cannot be undone. Many valuable natural resources, such as gold and oil, are on the verge of depletion, but there are still abundant natural resources.
Common natural resources include trees, rocks, minerals, crude oil, fossil fuels, zinc, iron ore, lead and copper. Sunlight, water, air, etc. also have no monetary value, but are considered natural resources. However, something like water can be used to generate energy of monetary value.
Q2) Explain classification of resources. (8)
A2) Classification of natural resources
Natural resources are mainly classified into renewable resources and non-renewable resources.
Renewable resources are generally biological resources (fish, reindeer, coffee, forests, etc.) and can be replenished (regenerated) by themselves if used in a sustainable manner without over-harvesting. When renewable resources are consumed faster than their natural substitution rate, inventories (see Renewable Energy) are reduced and eventually depleted. The sustainable utilization of renewable resources depends on the substitution rate and inventory of that particular resource. Non-living renewable natural resources include soil and water.
Flow renewable resources are very similar to renewable resources, but unlike renewable resources, they do not require regeneration. Flow renewable resources include renewable energy sources such as solar, geothermal, biomass, landfill gas, tides and wind.
Resources can also be classified as biological and abiological based on their origin. Biological resources are derived from living things. Non-biological resources come from the non-biological world (eg land, water, air). Mineral and electricity resources are also non-biological resources, some of which are of natural origin.
Non-renewable resources
Non-renewable resources are natural resources that are present in a certain amount and cannot be recreated, regrown, or regenerated as quickly as they are consumed and consumed.
Some non-reproducible resources are reproducible, but updating takes a very long time. For example, fossil fuels take millions of years to form and are not really considered "renewable." Many environmentalists have proposed to tax the consumption of non-renewable resources.
Resource type
Resources can be divided into various groups, such as:
Let's take a brief look at each of these resources.
The resources that humanity depends on are provided by various sources or "spheres". The atmosphere provides oxygen for human respiration (metabolic requirements), oxygen for wildlife in natural ecosystems and livestock for human use as food, and oxygen for plant growth as part of carbon dioxide. .. The atmosphere forms a kind of protective shield on Earth.
The stratosphere is 50 kilometers thick and contains a layer of sulfate that is important for rain formation. It contains an ozone layer and absorbs ultraviolet rays that are known to cause cancer. Without the ozone layer, life cannot exist on Earth. The sun does not warm the atmosphere evenly. This leads to changes in airflow and climate, temperature, and precipitation in different parts of the globe. This is a complex dynamic system. When that property is destroyed, it affects everything
Hydrospheres are derived from clean drinking water (metalytic requirements of living processes), water for cleaning and cooking, water used in agriculture and industry, sea food resources including fish, shellfish, seaweed, and freshwater sources. Provide food. Water that flows down from mountainous areas used to generate electricity in hydropower projects, such as fish and aquatic plants. The hydrosphere covers her three-quarters of the Earth's surface. Most of the hydrosphere is marine marine ecosystems, but only a small portion occurs in freshwater.
The lithosphere is responsible for the soil, which is the foundation of agriculture that feeds us. These include stones used for construction, sand, gravel, micronutrients in soil essential for plant growth, microscopic plants, small soil animals and fungi in soil, and important organisms that break down plant debris. And animal excrement are also included. To nourish the plants. It is composed of many minerals that are the basis of our industry, such as oil, coal and gas extracted from underground resources. Powers cars, agricultural machinery, industry, and our homes.
The biosphere is responsible for food from crops and livestock that provide human metabolic requirements. Meet energy demand by providing food, along with biomass fuel wood from forests and plantations, other forms of organic matter used as an energy source, wood and other construction materials. This is a thin layer on earth where life can exist and prosper. In it, air, water, rocks, soil, and organisms form structural and functional ecological units that, together, are considered to be the vast global life.
Q3) Explain briefly forest resource. What are its function. (8)
A3) Forest resources
Utilization and Overfishing: Scientists estimate that India should ideally have 33% of its land under forest. Today we only have about 12 percent. Therefore, it is necessary not only to protect existing forests, but also to increase forest coverage. People living in and near forests know the value of forest resources. Because their lives and livelihoods are directly dependent on these readily available resources. But others also benefit greatly from forests that we may not be aware of. The water we use depends on the existence of forests and watersheds around river valleys. Our homes, furniture and paper are all made of wood in the forest. We use many medicines based on the products of the forest. And we rely on the removal of oxygen produced by plants and the carbon dioxide we exhale into the air. People have used forests in our country for thousands of years. As agriculture became more widespread, forests were either cleared or left in plots primarily controlled by tribal people. They hunted animals, collected plants, and lived entirely on forest resources. Deforestation became a major concern when large amounts of timber were harvested to build ships. This resulted in significant loss of forest coverage and gradual deterioration of the forest.
Forest function.
Watershed protection:
• Reduce the surface runoff rate of water.
• Prevent flash floods and soil erosion.
• Causes long-term gradual outflows and prevents the effects of drought. Atmospheric regulation:
• Absorption of solar heat during evapotranspiration.
• Maintaining carbon dioxide levels for plant growth.
• Maintain local climatic conditions.
• Hold the soil (so that rain does not wash the soil directly).
Land Bank:
• Maintaining soil nutrients and structure.
Community Use-Consumption of Forest Products by Locals Collecting It for Livelihood- (Consumable Use)
• Food — Collecting plants, fishing, hunting in the forest.
• Feed-for cattle.
• Firewood and charcoal for cooking and heating.
• Poles-build homes, especially in rural areas and wilderness.
• Wood – household items and construction.
• Fiber – Weave of baskets, ropes, nets, strings, etc.
• Nourishing Ser – For silk.
• Beekeeping – Bee production for honey. Forest bees also pollinate crops.
• Medicinal plants-Traditional medicines that are being studied as a potential source of new modern medicines.
Market use-(productive use)
• Most of the products used for consumption are also sold because they are a source of income that supports the lives of people living in the forest.
• Small Forest Products-(Non-Timber Products): Firewood, fruits, gum, textiles, etc. collected and sold in local markets as a source of income for forest dwellers.
• Major timber harvesting—construction, industrial use, pulp and paper, etc. In India, the Forest Department collects timber, but illegal logging continues in India and many of the world's forests.
Deforestation
Deforestation is the permanent removal of trees to secure a place outside the forest. This includes carving out land for agriculture and grazing, and using wood for fueling, construction, or manufacturing. The places where civilization has carefully used forest resources to care for forests have prospered. On the other hand, where the forests were destroyed, people gradually became poorer. Today, logging and mining are serious causes of forest loss. Dams built for hydropower and irrigation have submerged forests and are now expelling tribes who lived dependent on forests.
According to the World Wildlife Fund, forests cover more than 30% of her land surface on Earth. These regions have the potential to provide food, medicine and fuel to more than a billion people. Today, most deforestation occurs in the tropics. New roads in the dense forest have made it possible to access areas that were previously inaccessible.
Logging often occurs when forest areas are cleared and opened to give way to agriculture and grazing. Deforestation in the tropics affects the way water vapor is produced on the canopy, causing reduced rainfall. A study published in Ecohydrology in 2019 showed that some of the Amazon rainforest was converted to agricultural land. These areas have high soil and temperatures, which can exacerbate drought conditions. In contrast, on forested lands, the rate of evapotranspiration was almost three times faster, helping to add more water vapor to the air.
Trees absorb carbon dioxide and remove greenhouse gases emitted by human activity. Deforestation itself causes greenhouse gas emissions, in addition to the removal of vegetation, which is important for removing carbon dioxide from the air.
Q4) What is sustainable water management? (8)
A4) Sustainable Water Management: “Saving Water” campaigns are critical to creating people conscious of the risks of water scarcity. Some measures need to be taken to better manage the world's water resources. These include the following measures:
• Build a number of small reservoirs instead of some megaprojects.
• Develop a small catchment dam to protect wetlands.
• Soil management, micro-collection development, and tree planting will allow refilling of underground aquifers, reducing the need for large dams.
• Treatment and recycling of agricultural wastewater.
• Prevention of leaks from dams and waterways.
• Prevention of loss in municipal pipes.
• Effective use of rainwater in urban environments.
• Water-saving measures in agriculture such as drip irrigation.
• Pricing water for its true value allows people to use it more responsibly and efficiently, reducing waste of water.
In deforested areas where the land is degraded, soil management by bundling along the slopes of the hills to create "oak" plugs allows for water retention and replanting of degraded areas. The management of the river system is best done by keeping the course as unobtrusive as possible. In monsoons, dams and canals cause large-scale floods, and wetland drainage has serious consequences for flooded areas when rainfall is high.
Dams: Currently, there are more than 45,000 large dams around the world, and these dams play a very important role in the communities and economies that use these water resources for economic development. Two of the world's most populous countries, China and India, are building about 57% of the world's largest dams.
Dam problem
• River disruption and physical changes.
• Serious impact on river ecosystems.
• The social impact of large dams caused by the movement of people.
• Water Water and water and salinization of the surrounding land.
• Eliminate animal populations, destroy habitats, and block migration routes.
• Fishing and boat trips suspended.
• Greenhouse gas emissions from reservoirs due to vegetation rot and carbon influx from catchment areas are recently identified effects.
Large dams have had a profound impact on life, life, culture and the existence of indigenous peoples and tribes. They are overly suffering from the negative effects of dams and are often excluded from sharing profits. Conflicts over dams have increased over the last two decades because of their social and environmental impacts and their failure to meet their goals not only to achieve their promised benefits, but also to protect their costs. Recent examples. Shows that affected people could not play an active role in the pros and cons of the project and its alternatives because it failed to provide a transparent process that involved the effective participation of locals. I will. The loss of traditional local control over equitable distribution remains a major cause of conflict.
Q5)What are the factors that influence natural resource? (8)
A5) Factors influencing resources
Demand for natural resources has traditionally been correlated with economic growth, but it involves more factors than simple economics. Population changes alone do not increase the demand for natural resources. Factors such as rising incomes, changes in the environment, technological advances, and price pressures all have an impact.
1. Economic growth
The rise of emerging markets has become a decisive feature of the global economy of this century. Their growth helped boost global gross domestic product (GDP) to $ 73.1 trillion in 2015. Emerging markets are expected to account for 66.0% of global economic growth by 2030.
These economies remain more resource-intensive than developed countries and act to boost consumption of various resources. In 2010, China overtook the United States to become the world's largest energy consumer, but per capita consumption remains low, indicating that China's energy demand still has a way to go. In addition, her per capita energy use per capita in India, the world's fastest growing major emerging market in 2016, is only one-third of her in China. It is not surprising that he increased energy consumption growth in emerging and developing countries by 17.3% between 2010 and 2015.
This does not mean that growth will tend to be linear, directly maintaining the relationship between economic growth and energy consumption growth seen in the past. A related anti-trend is the improvement of the energy efficiency of the global economy as it requires less resources to produce $ 1 of GDP. Nevertheless, for the foreseeable future, economic growth in emerging and developing countries will increase energy usage.
2. Vital growth
The world's population is growing, reaching 8.5 billion by 2030, an increase of 16.7% from 2015. Again, this population expansion is driven by the young and growing population of emerging and developing countries. Growing urbanization is a related trend that boosts demand for raw materials by increasing demand from construction, transportation and infrastructure. In 2007, the world's urban population will overtake rural populations for the first time, with 4.2 billion urban inhabitants by 2030, an increase of 36.2% or 1.1 billion from 2015. It is almost twice the total population of the world.
3. Income gain
One of the main drivers of demand for natural resources is the expansion of the world's middle class, or increased consumer spending. In 53 emerging and developing countries for which Euromonitor International collects data, the number of households above US $ 10,000 (at 2015 prices) increased by 37% between 2010 and 2015. , This increase is expected to continue until 2030. Therefore, it is not surprising that consumer spending in emerging and developing countries is expected to increase by 89% in real terms between 2015 and 2030.
For example, disposable income, which was less than 40% in 2010, is expected to exceed US $ 10,000 in 2030 in her three-quarters or more households in China. Increasing demand for raw materials across natural resources such as energy, metals and water.
4. Environmental changes
Environmental concerns contribute to the demand for some materials at the expense of other materials. A prime example is the changing energy mix, where coal is depleted at the expense of renewable energy and natural gas.
Similarly, increasing pressure to replace the use of toxic substances such as lead in batteries with lithium has increased the demand for certain niche materials. From 2010 to 2015, lithium production increased by 30% globally.
Consumer demand for sustainable raw materials and supply chains also impacts the demand for natural resources. This can be seen in the increasing importance of recycling and the pressure from manufacturers and retailers to reduce the use of packaging. One example is the introduction of a 5-pence fee for disposable plastic carry bags in the United Kingdom. In 2012, the government estimated that his 7 billion disposable plastic bags were distributed from supermarkets in the UK alone. Since the change in law, some retailers claim that the number of bags used has decreased by up to 80%.
5. Technological progress
Technological improvements also affect the economic feasibility of natural resources and their prices. Therefore, technology can increase the demand for some resources, often undermining alternatives. In addition, the advent of new technologies may increase the demand for certain natural resources.
High-tech products and environmentally friendly technologies are good examples. Bloomberg New Energy Finance predicts that by 2040, 25% of the world's cars will be electric cars. This impacts the demand for petroleum and resources used in automotive batteries such as lithium, graphite and cobalt. On the other hand, the spread of mobile phones is boosting the demand for rare earth metals. The strong growth of photovoltaics is increasing the demand for silicon used in solar cells.
Why is this important?
Natural resources are central to all businesses, and understanding the factors driving demand helps us predict the changing resource environment for our business. Natural resources offer many opportunities for businesses, from improving resource efficiency to adopting a circular economy and introducing new product lines. Conversely, there are many risks involved, from production line disruption to reputational damage to loss of market share due to unpredictable consumer demand for sustainability.
6. Price pressure
Price fluctuations can change the economic feasibility of natural resources and act to increase demand, often undermining alternatives and vice versa. Solar and wind power, in particular, saw remarkable growth in 2015 as their costs fell. Bloomberg New Energy Finance predicts that by 2040, the cost of onshore wind will fall by 41% and the cost of solar will fall by 60% over the same period. Limit. The same source expects to reach a turning point in 2027, when new solar and wind power will be cheaper than running existing coal and gas generators. Such price movements cannot affect demand.
Q6) What is resource conservation? (5)
A6) Meaning:
Resources are somehow a characteristic of an environment that is important and valuable to humans
There are many ways to protect natural resources. Non conventional resources are energy resources that can be used repeatedly. In short, renewable resources are those that can be reused effortlessly and receive energy at a much lower cost. Such resources are never exhausted.
Resource conservation means reduction of the amounts of solid waste that are generated, reduction of overall resource consumption and utilization of recovered resources. Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Based on 17 documents Save Copy
Resource conservation means that those resources on which sustainability depends are conserved and even enhanced by agronomic management. Soil organic matter is a good example of an ecosystem resource that is easily reduced without effective management. Soil organic matter declines rapidly in almost all cropping systems following initial cultivation—typically to 40–60% of original values within a few decades. However, soil organic matter is a valuable resource, providing habitat and energy for soil organisms, a soil structure favorable for plant growth and water retention, and a chemical structure favorable for nutrient retention.
Q7) Write about the method of resource conservation. (5)
A6) Method 1
Material alternatives:
There are many material alternatives that can limit the use of material resources by finding alternative resources. The problem here is that many materials are widely used and shared.
Copper plates can be replaced with aluminum, while at the same time reducing the demand for lead and soldering agents made from lead. Aluminum is widely used as an alternative to tin, especially in the manufacture of metal cans and containers. Previously, lead and zinc were used for plastics, but they are used for insulation and rust prevention purposes.
However, the main points of the material substitution discussion are as follows.
(a) You cannot expect a proper "gradual" of depletion, such as when one resource is exhausted, another is available. A complete set of alternative raw materials can be depleted at about the same time.
(b) Substitutions may occur with a delay sufficient to disrupt the productive activity of the economy.
(c) In addition, alternative materials can cause more contamination than the materials used. For example, an aluminum smelter can be more polluted than a tin smelter.
(d) Alternative materials may require higher energy inputs, as in the case of low grade copper mining.
Q8) What is non conventional resource? (7)
A7) Non conventional resources
Resources are somehow a characteristic of an environment that is important and valuable to humans
There are many ways to protect natural resources
Non conventional resources are energy resources that can be used repeatedly. In short, renewable resources are those that can be reused effortlessly and receive energy at a much lower cost. Such resources are never exhausted
Non conventional energy resources have many advantages. Some of them are:
Maintain ecological stability by maintaining appropriate measures for environmental protection, conservation and restoration. Measures must be taken to prevent the outbreak of forest fires.
Water is indispensable for sustaining life on earth. Indispensable for drinking, cooking, washing, irrigation, industrial use, power generation, navigation, recreation, etc.
Of the two types of energy, non-renewable energy sources are under great stress due to diverse activities, population growth and high energy demand
Hydro energy, solar energy, geothermal energy, tidal energy and bioenergy are some of the renewable resources.
- No Fuel Costs: Renewable energy resources provide continuous energy with negligible fuel costs. Therefore, they are cheap energy sources and have an advantage over other energy sources.
- Pollution-free and environmentally friendly: These non-traditional energy resources are pollution-free and environmentally friendly. This is one of the best things to consider in this era of global warming.
- Simple Design: Renewable energy sources are easy to operate due to the simple plant design, and these plants do not require specialized labor.
- Reduced maintenance costs: Due to their simple design, these power plants have very low maintenance costs and can generate electricity at a much lower cost than other power plants.
- Available in Road Centers: These plants can be installed remotely and completely away from the grid. Therefore, it is suitable for use with a single plant.
Resources are somehow a characteristic of an environment that is important and valuable to humans. There are many ways to protect natural resources.
Non conventional resources are energy resources that can be used repeatedly. In short, renewable resources are those that can be reused effortlessly and receive energy at a much lower cost. Such resources are never exhausted.
Q9) What are the problems associated with non conventional resource? (8)
A8) Problems associated with non conventional resource:
Greenhouse gas emissions
Perhaps the most well-known impact of using non-renewable energy sources is the emission of greenhouse gases that cause climate change, especially carbon dioxide and methane.
Different types of non-renewable energy fuels emit different levels of greenhouse gases.
For example, coal is considered to emit the most carbon dioxide. In the United States, CO2 emissions from the electricity sector calculated in 2015 show that 71% was due to coal. For example, natural gas produces about 28% of carbon dioxide emissions,
In fact, natural gas emits much less carbon dioxide, specifically 50-60% less than coal, and when used as a power source for automobiles, it is a heat trap gas compared to gasoline. Emissions are also reduced by 15-20%.
But that doesn't mean that natural gas helps mitigate climate change. It has the potential to trap heat.
Concerns about greenhouse gas emissions and climate change are cross-cutting. It is not just the direct effects of rising temperatures and changes in weather patterns that accompany floods and the surge in the dry season that affect human life.
Climate change affects ecosystems, reduces their ability to adapt to changing conditions, and threatens important ecosystem services on which biodiversity and our lives depend.
Air pollution
Non-renewable energy sources do more than just change the Earth's atmosphere by increasing greenhouse gas emissions. It also emits various pollutants that affect people's health and the environment.
For example, coal-fired power plants are the only largest source of mercury emissions in the United States. When mercury is released into the air, it deposits on the ground and in water. In this way, it can traverse the food chain and accumulate in species of organisms (such as fish) that live in the area.
This has serious implications for our biodiversity, but people have found that exposure to mercury can lead to neurological and neurobehavioral effects in embryos and young children.
Other air pollutants emitted by burning fossil fuels include sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter.
Acid rain and water pollution
It's not just the air we breathe that is polluted. Hazardous pollutants released into the air can be involved in the water cycle. This is the case of acid rain, which occurs when sulfur and other chemicals are taken into the atmosphere from industrial processes. Chemicals floating in the air make rain weakly acidic.
Acid rain corrodes machinery and disrupts local ecosystems. On the environmental side, acid rain changes the acidity of lakes and streams and can be very harmful to fish and other aquatic life. It also damages trees, thereby weakening forest ecosystems.
Another aspect of water pollution from the use of fossil fuels such as coal and nuclear energy is known as "thermal pollution".
Both fossil fuel power plants and nuclear power plants require running water to cool the power plants. The water they use is also needed for other purposes, such as maintaining local ecosystem functions and agriculture. When a plant returns its water to the environment, its temperature changes and, as a result, its water quality deteriorates.
Heated water that has been reintroduced into the environment has low levels of dissolved oxygen and can stress native wildlife, including increasing the heart rate and reducing fertility of fish.
Soil pollution and waste generation
It is also important to remember the environmental impacts that result from the mining of non-renewable resources and the disposal of generated waste.
There is very clear evidence of the effects of short-term and long-term open-pit mining. For example, large amounts of excess rock and soil are dumped elsewhere, such as nearby valleys that affect their ecosystems.
When it comes to mined lands, these sites have poor soil quality in the long run, and sometimes chemicals can pollute the land and nearby water sources.
Especially for nuclear energy here, as both uranium extraction and waste treatment create some very important problems for which no long-term solution has been found due to the radioactive nature of the ore being mined. It is important.
Accidents such as oil spills
Finally, there is something to mention about unintended consequences, or rather unexpected and contingent effects. Oil spills are causing serious damage to nearby coasts and ecosystems.
Quantifying this, analysts estimate that the 2010 British Petroleum oil spill will cost $ 2.5 billion in the Louisiana fishery market alone, and Florida will lose $ 3 billion in tourism revenue.
Biologists were worried that the oil released in the Gulf of Mexico would wipe out the algae that are essential for hundreds of animals. Similarly, as a result of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster, catastrophic effects have been seen on both nature and humans. These are accidents caused by carelessness, technical failure, lack of preparation, or a combination of all of them.
However, it is important to emphasize here that by continuing to use non-renewable energy, such disasters are acceptable and preferable to switching to low-carbon, renewable energy sources.
Q10) What are the objectives of the new national forest policy? (7)
A9) The main objectives of the new national forest policy are:
- Promoting the general well-being of the country as the sole purpose of forest management.
2. Maintaining appropriate forests to maintain the climatic and physical conditions of the country and meet the needs of conditional people.
(a) Permanent cultivation should take precedence over forests.
(b) Meeting the needs of locals at uncompetitive rates should override all income considerations, if not free. And
(c) After the above conditions are met, achieving maximum profits should be a guide.
Significant progress has been made even after 91 years of work at the Forest Department and his 58-year declaration of national forest policy. It was not created to protect the wealth of the forest. For this reason, it was felt necessary to review the national forest policy.
On May 12, 1952, our new national forest policy was announced and embodied in Resolution 13-1 / 52-F, achieving the following objectives:
(1) A balanced and complementary land-use system needed to evolve to be the most productive and least degraded.
(2) It was necessary to check the deforestation in the mountainous areas. Because in these regions, the lasting water supply of our system depended on the regions that make up the fertile core of the country.
(3) Erosion had to be checked on the embankments of treeless rivers to prevent and prevent the formation of canyons.
It is necessary to prevent invasion of sea sand and dunes.
(5) It was necessary to create forests to improve the weather and physical conditions.
(6) It is necessary to increase the supply of small timber for grazing facilities and farm tools.
(7) The supply of timber and other forest products needed for defense, telecommunications and industry needed to be maintained at high levels in both quantity and quality.
(8) It was necessary to continuously achieve maximum profits in line with the above needs.
Therefore, a planned extended forest is needed. However, since 1952, efforts in this direction have been dismal, and since then significant forest area has been lost. As a result, today's forest area is smaller than in 1952.
Q11) Explain water resource management and energy resource management (8)
A10) Water resources management:
The following conservation methods should be adopted for proper water management.
1. We need to raise people's awareness of the importance of water and the unnecessary waste of water.
2. Measures must be taken to collect and store rooftop rainwater.
3. The village pond needs to be regenerated or restored.
4. Control measures are needed to prevent floods and improper use of river water.
5. You need to check for water leaks from pipes and faucets.
6. Qualitative deterioration should be avoided.
7. To conserve water resources, it is necessary to reuse wastewater, store groundwater, and move surplus water.
8. Measures must be taken to check for pollution of water resources.
9. Wastewater or wastewater from various industries must be properly treated and then reused for the benefit of humankind.
10. There should be an appropriate tree planting program. By planting, plants tie soil and soil ties water.
11. There should be a long range weather forecast for rain.
12. We need plants from a national and state level water sampling perspective.
There are several central and state organizations that have specific aspects of water resource management.
Some important organizations are:
(1) Central Water Committee for surface water,
(2) Central groundwater basin,
(3) Central and State Pollution Control Committees,
(4) Central public health environment, etc.
c. Energy resource management:
Some important causes of the energy crisis are:
(i) Anthropogenic activities that require a large amount of energy input.
(ii) Rapid depletion of fossil fuels.
(iii) Economic constraints for developing traditional energy sources.
(iv) Lack of seriousness for energy consumption.
(v) Unplanned use of energy that causes serious environmental damage.
From the above, the need for energy saving is becoming more and more important.
The following is an overview of some energy saving methods.
1. Biogas and solar energy should be used instead of traditional energy sources such as firewood and coal.
2. Adopting appropriate technology should promote the use of alternative energy sources such as hydro, wind and tidal energy.
3. Unplanned use of energy needs to be checked or controlled.
4. We need to develop methodologies for utilizing increasingly large amounts of renewable energy.
Q12) What is resource utilization? (5)
A11) Resource utilization is a KPI that measures how effectively each resource is being used for its availability or capacity. This metric allows managers to assess and continuously monitor employee work rates and analyze for overwork or underwork.
Suppose an employee works beyond his or her capacity. In that case, the person is overutilized, and if he / she works less than the available time, it is underutilized.
To better understand this, consider an example.
The resource is reserved for him 10 hours a day, but the ability of that resource is her 8 hours. In this scenario, he is working two hours longer than the total time the resource is available, so it is clear that the resource is being overused.
Considering another example, an employee indicates that he is underutilized if he is booked 5 hours a day, that is, if he is 3 hours less than the available capacity.
Managers should be aware that 100% utilization does not mean that the resource is the most productive. Instead, it makes a difference depending on the type of work planned. This KPI is further categorized into his four types, which we will discuss in a later section.
Q13) Explain the types of resource utilization. (5)
A12) The purpose of subdividing utilization into different types is to understand how much time resources are spending on each task, such as billable, non-billing, strategic projects, management or her BAU activity. ..
The outline of each is as follows.
- Overall resource utilization,
- Billable resource utilization,
- Use of non-billing resources,
- Strategic resource utilization.
- Overall resource utilization
The time an employee spends on all activities (that is, billable, strategic, or non-billing) is added to the total availability of the employee and calculated as the overall utilization rate. Managers can easily get an overview of whether resources are fully using their available time.
Ii. Billable resource utilization
A billable project is one in which the client is billed for the cost of implementing the project. Billable resource utilization is a way to measure the number of hours a resource has been used for billable work. It plays an important role in determining employee productivity.
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Iii. Use not subject to billing
Activities that cannot be billed to the client are non-billed work, and the time spent on this is known as non-billed use. All general meetings, BAUs, administrative work, training and workshops, etc. fall into this category.
Ideally, the non-billing usage should not exceed the billing usage.
Iv. Strategic resource utilization
Every company has long-term goals, and the projects they carry out to achieve them are strategic projects. As with other categories, the time spent on these projects is known as strategic use.
Billable utilization and strategic utilization are both indicators of high productivity, performance, and profitability.
Q14) What do you mean by sustainable development? (5)
A13) Sustainable development
A concept that first appeared in 1987, it is the publication of the Brundland Report, which warns of the negative environmental impact of economic growth and globalization, seeking to find possible solutions to the issues caused by industrialization and increase .
"Sustainable Development is development that meets your needs.
Present (people) without compromising future abilities.
A generation "Sustainable Development is development that meets your needs.
Present (people) without compromising future abilities.
A generation that meets their needs. " In other words, it is improving
Quality of life for the current generation without overuse, or abuse of natural resources next generation. n that meets their needs. " In other words, it is improving quality of life for the current generation without overuse, or abuse of natural resources next generation.
Q15) How to achieve sustainable development? What are the Sustainable Development Goals? Explain. (7)
A14) Many of the challenges facing humanity, such as climate change, water scarcity, inequality and hunger, can only be resolved globally by promoting sustainable development of social progress, environmental balance and commitment to economic growth.
As part of the new Sustainable Development Roadmap, the United Nations has approved the 2030 Agenda, which includes the Sustainable Development Goals. This agenda calls for action to protect the planet and ensure the global well-being of its people. These common goals require the active involvement of individuals, businesses, government agencies and countries around the world.
Sustainable Development Goals, also known as Global Goals, address the major challenges facing humanity and ensure that everyone enjoys the same opportunities to live a better life without compromise. The United Nations calls on all countries in the world.
17 goals for a better world
These 17 goals are interrelated, and in many cases the key to success is related to the most frequently related issues.
They can be summarized as follows:
- Eradicate poverty and hunger and ensure a healthy life.
- Universalize access to basic services like water, sanitation and sustainable energy.
- Supporting the creation of development opportunities through inclusive education and decent work.
- Foster innovation and robust infrastructure to create communities and cities that can produce and consume in a sustainable way.
- Reduce world inequality, especially gender inequality.
- Environmental considerations to combat climate change and protect marine and land ecosystems.
- Promote cooperation between different social actors to create an environment for peaceful and sustainable development.
Q16) Explain Socio-Economic aspects of sustainable development. (5)
A15) What does socio-economic development mean? To understand this concept, let's start by defining development. Development is generally defined as a state in which things are improving. But it is defined in different ways in different situations.
Social, political, biological, science and technology, language and literature. In the socio-economic context, development means improving people's lifestyles through improving education, income, skills development and employment.
The process of economic and social change based on cultural and environmental factors.
So far, we have described various aspects of key issues related to the four concepts of development, socio-economic development, human development and sustainable development. Based on these perceptions, let's try to understand the socio-economic development that is taking place in India. Although various efforts have been made for the development of the country since the day of its independence, India has emerged as one of the fastest growing economies in developing countries since 1990. India's economy is said to be the 12th largest in the world and the 4th largest in the world in terms of market exchange rates.
Measured on a purchasing power parity (PPP) basis in GDP.
This was accompanied by an increase in life expectancy and literacy and the achievement of food security. Official statistics estimate that between 2004 and 2005, 27.5% of Indians were still below the country's poverty line of $ 1 (nominally about 10 rupees), but poverty was significantly lower. It is decreasing.
India's recent economic growth is also said to have increased economic inequality across the country. Despite sustained high economic growth, about 80% of the population lives on less than US $ 2 (PPP) daily. The arrival of the Green Revolution put an end to India's famine,
In the total population, 40% of children under the age of 3 are underweight, and one-third of all men and women suffer from chronic energy shortages.
Q17) How Resource utilisation as per carrying capacity is important for sustainable development? (8)
A16) Sustainable development and utilization of mineral resources and reserves is a very important area for society given the rapid growth and demand of new emerging economies and environmental and social concerns. However, uncertainty refers to the ability of ore bodies to supply raw materials, the uncertainty of the mining industry in operation, fluctuations in market demand for raw materials and metals, commodity prices, exchange rates, and other sustainable mineral resource development.
Over the last decade, new technological advances in probabilistic modeling, optimization and forecasting of mining planning and production performance have shown to improve production and return on investment at the same time. These advances have changed the paradigm of this area, initially with counterintuitive results, and are now well understood and outline new areas of research needs. The old paradigm was based on the results of mineral reserve estimates, mine planning optimizations, and production forecasts, resulting in a single, often biased, defective forecast. These defects were primarily due to non-linear propagation of ore-related errors throughout the mining chain.
The new stochastic paradigm addresses these limitations, and the application of the stochastic framework increases the net present value (NPV) of the mine production schedule (20-30%). In addition, the stochastically optimal pit limit is about 15% larger in total tons than the conventional optimal pit limit, and an additional 10% NPV is added. Related technological developments also have an impact. (I) Sustainable use of mineral resources. (Ii) Uncertainty quantification and risk management. (Iii) Social responsibility by improving financial performance. (Iv) Strengthen production and product supply. (V) Contribution to mine restoration management. (Vii) Objective, technically defensive decisions.
The ongoing research efforts are particularly focused on two interrelated topics. Quantification of geological uncertainty / uncertainty in metal supply, including a new higher-order modeling framework for spatial data defined based on measurements of higher-order complexity of spatial architecture called spatial accumulation. Cumulant is a combination of moments of statistical parameters that characterize a non-Gaussian random field. Previous studies have provided definitions, geological interpretations, and implementations of higher-order space cumulants used to stochastically simulate complex non-Gaussian nonlinear spatial phenomena in the higher-dimensional space of Legendre polynomials. I will. Benefits include (a) the absence of distribution assumptions and pre- and post-processing steps (such as data normalization and training image (TI) filtering). (B) Use of higher-order relationships of data for the simulation process (data-driven, not TI-driven). (C) Generation of complex spatial patterns that reproduce data distributions and variograms, and higher-order spatial cumulates. The above is an alternative to the multipoint approach applied by colleagues at Stanford University and has additional advantages (data-driven, higher-order, plus lower-order spatial complexity of the data used. Rebuild consistently). Research directions include searching for new methods of higher-order simulations of categorical data (eg, mineral or oil deposit geology, groundwater aquifers, CO2 sequestration sites), and spatially correlated attributes and key accumulations. Includes higher-order simulations of. Disassembly method.
All of these developments are important in modelling the uncertainty of the material type and metal content extracted from the ground, with a particular emphasis on the spatial higher connectivity of extreme (high metal content). Is. From a single mine to the mineral supply chain, these models have a significant impact on mine production planning, scheduling, and forecasting.
Development of global stochastic optimization technology for mining complexes / mineral supply chains. These optimization techniques are a central aspect of mine design and production scheduling because they maximize the economic value generated by the production of ore and define the technical plans to follow from mine development to closure. The optimization of this plan is due to its large scale, the uncertainty of the key parameters involved (geology, mining, finance), and the lack of global or simultaneous optimization of individual elements of mining complexes or minerals. , A complex problem to deal with. Supply chain. Over the past few years, our research on global optimization of mining complexes has been designed to meet quality specifications, minimize environmental impact, and integrate waste management issues. It is addressed through the development of a new probabilistic optimization framework that integrates multiple processing streams, including mixed storage and waste disposal sites. And transportation method. The ability to manage and optimize all aspects of the mine complex at the same time not only minimizes environmental impacts and risks associated with rehabilitation, but also increases economic value, reserves and mine lifetime projections. Leads to the previously shown mining program. Contribute to the sustainable development of non-renewable resources.
Stochastic integer programming is a core framework in stochastic optimization efforts. However, the scale of scheduling and material flow from mining products through the mineral supply chain is very large, and it is necessary to develop an efficient solution strategy for the proposed formulation required through metaheuristics. For example, a hybrid approach that integrates metaheuristics and linear programming allows you to link long-term production schedules to short-term schedules. This allows you to use the information gathered from one solution to improve the other and create a globally optimal and practical mine plan. Extensive testing, applications, and benchmarking of the methods under development are underway, and more promising approaches are field-tested at mining sites with partners from North to South America and Africa to Australia.
Q18) “Modern society is said to lack sustainability”. How can we change it into sustainable society?
A17) Social change is a change in the social order of a community by bringing adjustments and changes to social institutions, behaviors and relationships. It involves the evolution of society, which modifies traditional social norms that lead to the changes that society needs. However, changes in developmental psychology are important in ensuring that the necessary changes are successful. It stems from a variety of factors that make change inevitable. -Social change leads to increased awareness and understanding due to the large amount of information in the community. This allows people to make informed decisions based on the scenario at hand. Public participation due to changes in public attitudes has also improved, which motivates them to correct cases of fraud (Cohen, 2011). According to psychology, social change begins with individual change, which generally leads to the need for commitment and motivation to undertake group and community change.
Social change in the community involves change, cultural change, and organizational change. Transforming changes include making modifications based on community plans. The components of social change include a variety of important components that must be met in order to achieve the required change. The first factor is transformational change. It includes addressing imminent sustainability issues and challenges such as biodiversity loss and climate change in society. To ensure the success of this element, social and cultural systems need to be modified to enable a sustainable transition to human civilization. It is done by applying practical knowledge and experience that facilitates change. Another important element of social change is involvement and participation.
Community members need to be involved in developing change policies to ensure collaboration between stakeholders. As people participate in society to create a sustainable future, they become committed and motivated to pursue the necessary social changes. Environmental education and learning are also important in ensuring compliance with behavioral changes. Through education, people get valuable information that encourages them to think sharply about the changes they need and participate in the process of change. The change program vision is shared among participants, allowing them to participate in the change process that leads to the realization of the change (Sharan, 2004). The combination of education and applied foresight identifies threats to program sustainability and enables you to take advantage of current opportunities to achieve your desired plans and goals.
Social change is promoted through social research. Social research requires members of the community to gather information from society. To do so, we need to make changes in our policies, ways of thinking, and approaches in our lives. We need innovative ways to determine successful strategies to make the changes we need. These research programs identify the needs and desires of the community based on the specific issues facing the community. It leads to customized policies and approaches that address identified issues, and thus leads to real change. The first step in social research involves an analysis of the community in question. Examine community information and full details to identify issues in that society that need to be modified and modified to achieve an operational society (Unkelbach, 2013). The implemented policy is customized to the changing requirements of the community. Social research makes it possible to make social change strategies sustainable. This is because the changes are evidence-based and lead to informed decisions in the development of change structures and strategies.
Q19) Attempt the classification of resource in brief.
A18) Resource type
Resources can be divided into various groups, such as:
a) Forest resources,
b) Water resources,
c) Mineral resources,
d) Food resources,
e) Energy resources,
f) Land resources.
Let's take a brief look at each of these resources.
- Forest resources
Utilization and Overfishing: Scientists estimate that India should ideally have 33% of its land under forest. Today we only have about 12 percent. Therefore, it is necessary not only to protect existing forests, but also to increase forest coverage. People living in and near forests know the value of forest resources. Because their lives and livelihoods are directly dependent on these readily available resources. But others also benefit greatly from forests that we may not be aware of. The water we use depends on the existence of forests and watersheds around river valleys. Our homes, furniture and paper are all made of wood in the forest. We use many medicines based on the products of the forest. And we rely on the removal of oxygen produced by plants and the carbon dioxide we exhale into the air. People have used forests in our country for thousands of years. As agriculture became more widespread, forests were either cleared or left in plots primarily controlled by tribal people. They hunted animals, collected plants, and lived entirely on forest resources. Deforestation became a major concern when large amounts of timber were harvested to build ships. This resulted in significant loss of forest coverage and gradual deterioration of the forest.
b. Water resource
The water cycle, through evaporation and precipitation, forms rivers and lakes and maintains the aquatic system that supports a variety of aquatic ecosystems. Wetlands are an intermediate form between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and are composed of plant and animal species that are highly water-dependent. All aquatic ecosystems are used in many people's daily lives, such as drinking water, washing, cooking, watering animals, and irrigating fields. The world depends on a limited amount of freshwater. Water covers 70% of the Earth's surface, but freshwater is only 3% of her. One of the biggest challenges facing the world in this century is the need to manage water resources. The world population has exceeded 6 billion. Based on the number of young people in developing countries, the population will continue to grow significantly over the next few decades. This imposes enormous demand on the world's limited freshwater supply. The total annual freshwater intake today is estimated at 3800 cubic kilometres, which is twice as much as he was only 50 years ago (World
Commission on Dams, 2000). Studies show that a normal person needs at least 20-40 liters of water a day for drinking and hygiene.
c. Mineral resources
Minerals can be defined as natural substances with a clear chemical composition and distinguishable physical properties. An ore is a mineral or combination of minerals that can be used to extract useful substances such as metals and produce useful products. Minerals have been formed over millions of years in the Earth's crust. Iron, aluminum, zinc, manganese and copper are important industrial raw materials. Important non-metal resources include clay, salt, coal ,cement and silica. Stones used in building materials such as granite, marble and limestone make up another category of minerals. Minerals with special properties that people value aesthetically and decoratively are gems such as diamonds, emeralds and rubies. The brilliance of gold, silver and platinum is used for ornaments. Minerals in the form of oil, gas and coal were formed when ancient plants and animals were converted to underground fossil fuels. To use minerals and their ores, they need to be extracted from inside the earth. This process is called mining. Mining work usually goes through four stages, following him.
(1) Exploration: Search for minerals.
(2) Exploration: Assessment of deposit size, shape, location, and economic value.
(3) Development: The task of preparing access to the deposit and allowing minerals to be extracted from the site.
(4) Exploitation: Extract minerals from mines. In the past, deposits were discovered by prospectors in areas where the deposits are finely exposed to the surface.
d. Food resources
Today, our food is almost entirely sourced from agriculture, livestock and fisheries. India is self-sufficient in food production, but it is unsustainable and it is only because of modern agricultural patterns that it pollutes our environment with excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) defines sustainable agriculture as protecting the genetic resources of land, water, plants and animals, environmentally friendly, economically viable and socially acceptable. Doing. Most large farms grow single crops (single cultivation). When this crop is attacked by pests, the entire crop is devastated and farmers lose income that year. On the other hand, if the farmer grows several different crops using traditional varieties, the chances of a complete failure are greatly reduced. Many studies have shown that alternatives to fertilizers and pesticides can be used. This is known as integrated crop management.
Global Food Problems: In many developing countries, where the population continues to grow rapidly, food production cannot keep up with increasing
Demand and is inadequate. Food production in 64 of the 105 developing countries lags behind the level of population growth. Many of these countries are unable to produce any more food or have the financial means to import from other countries. India is one of the countries that has been able to produce sufficient food by cultivating most of the arable land by irrigation. The Green Revolution of the 1960s reduced hunger in the country. However, many of the technologies that have been used to achieve this are currently being questioned.
e. Energy resources
The sun is the main source of energy for our lives almost everywhere in the world. We use it directly for its warmth and through various natural processes that provide food, water, fuel, and housing. The sun's rays form our food material, provide the oxygen we breathe, and are involved in the growth of plants that absorb the carbon dioxide we breathe. The energy from the sun evaporates water from the sea, rivers and lakes, forming clouds that turn into rain. Today's fossil fuels were once forests that grew prehistoricly with the energy of the sun.
The chemical energy contained in a compound is released when the animal breaks down in the presence of oxygen. In India, manual labor is still widely used to work in agricultural systems, with livestock being used to pull carts and pull to. Electrical energy can be generated in several ways. Energy can be obtained from solar-powered hydroelectric power plants that support evaporation, or fossil fuel-powered thermal power plants. Nuclear energy is held in the nucleus of an atom and is currently used to develop electrical energy.
f. Land resources:
Land as a resource: Topography such as hills, valleys, plains, river basins, and wetlands includes various resource-producing areas on which the people who live there depend. Many traditional agricultural societies have had ways to protect resource-using areas. If you make good use of the land, you can say that it is a renewable resource. Trees and grassroots connect the soil. Depletion of forests and overgrazing of grasslands can make land unproductive and wasteland. Intensive irrigation leads to inundation and salt damage that prevent crops from growing. When toxic industrial waste and nuclear waste are dumped, the land also turns into non-renewable resources.
Land on earth, like any other natural resource, is finite. Humans have learned to adapt their lifestyles to different ecosystems around the world, but in the near future they will not be able to live comfortably in polar ice caps, seabeds, or space.
Q20) What are the various methods of conservation of forest?
A19) Forest Conservation Method:
To conserve the forest, you need to take the following steps:
- Regulated and planned logging:
One of the main reasons for deforestation is commercial logging. It is estimated that approximately 1.6 billion cubic meters of wood are used for a variety of purposes worldwide. Trees are considered a perennial resource, but when used on a very large scale, their revival is impossible.
Therefore, cutting should be regulated by adopting the following methods.
(I) Clear cutting,
(Ii) Selective disconnection and
(Iii) Shelter wood cutting.
Clear-cutting is useful in areas where the same type of tree is available in large areas. In that case, trees of the same age group can be cut down in selected areas and marked for reforestation.
In selective logging, only mature trees are selected for logging. This process runs in rotation. In shelter wood cutting, useless trees are first cut, followed by medium and top quality timber.
The time difference between these cuttings helps the tree grow again. In regulated logging, only one-tenth of the forest area is selected for use and the rotating system is always obeyed for their protection.
Forests can be managed so that timber crops are harvested indefinitely each year without depletion. This technique is called the "Sustainable Yield" law adopted by many countries around the world.
b. Wildfire management:
Deforestation or loss due to fire is fairly common. The trees are very exposed to fire and once started they are difficult to control. Sometimes fire begins by a natural process, namely friction between trees during lightning and strong winds, but in most cases it is intentionally or unintentionally initiated by humans.
It is estimated that between 1940 and 1950, fires consumed an average of 21.5 million acres of wood annually in the United States alone, with 1,175,664 wildfires between 1955 and 1964.
Wildfires are common all over the world, and in most cases wildfires were initiated by humans. John D. Guthrie, a former fire inspector at the US Forest Office, wrote: Of fools and knives. The formula is simple. The bigger the forest, the drier the air, and the bigger the fool, the bigger the fire. "
To protect the forest from fire, it is necessary to adopt the latest fire fighting technology. Some of the fires extinguishing techniques are to develop 5 lanes 3 meters wide around the fire, flashback, sprinkler placement, flame-retardant chemicals sprayed from the rear tank, preferably by helicopter. Is needed. Trained fire fighter staff are required to control the fire.
c. Tree planting and tree planting:
The concept of sustainable productivity indicates that exposed areas need to be reforested each time wood is removed by either block cutting or selective cutting. This can be done in a natural or artificial way. Similarly, forest areas destroyed by fires and mining activities need to be reforested. Aerial sowing is the best method for rugged terrain.
In addition to all this, a new tree planting program needs to be started. The new plantations not only increase forest coverage, but also help create eco-balance. In the case of tree planting, it is necessary to select trees according to the geographical conditions of the area and pay attention to the initial growth of trees.
d. Check over Forest Clearance for Agricultural and Flabitation Purposes:
Most of today's farmland was once covered with forest and then cleared for agriculture. But now, more clearance has reached a stage where it can be dangerous to the entire ecosystem.
In some parts of Asia, Africa and South America, slash-and-burn cultivation is still part of the land procurement system for some tribes. It is estimated that 200 million tribes around the world use about 40 million square kilometers of land for this purpose.
For forest conservation, this should be checked and alternative systems proposed. Similarly, forest areas have been cleared for the development of villages, towns and cities, and this process continues to this day, causing the loss of forest cover. This should also be checked and the green areas around the city should be developed.
e. Forest protection:
Existing forests should be protected. Apart from commercial logging, unorganized grazing is also one reason. There are several forest diseases caused by parasites, rust, mistletoe, viruses and nematodes, which cause tree destruction. Forests should be protected by either chemical sprays, the use of antibiotics, or the development of disease-resistant trees.
f. Proper use of forest products and forests:
Generally, forests are logged for logs, and the rest of the tree – stumps, limbs, branches, leaves, etc. are left in the forest as worthless debris. Sawmills generate more waste. All this waste should be used. Currently, several applications are being developed and products such as waterproof adhesives and boards are available. Similarly, forests can be easily used or developed as a tourist center. By using them as tourist centers, the country can earn considerable forex. This practice has been adopted in many countries in both developed and developing countries. The concept of "national parks" and "game reserves" has become widespread, and each country has developed its own forest area as a "national park". India alone has 21 national parks. This scheme is a good way to conserve forests.