UNIT 4 – CSVTU :QB
Q:1 Find the limit of the following points
X | 1.9 | 1.99 | 1.999 | 2.001 | 2.01 | 2.1 |
F(x) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Solution:We apply the value of each x by finding the respective value through appliying limits
f(x)=
f(x)=
Finding limit at x= 1.9
f(x)=
f(1.9)=
=
= 0.3448
Limit at x=1.99
f(1.99)=
=
= 0.33444
Limit at x=1.999
f(1.999)=
=
= 0.33344
Limit at x=2.001
f(2.001)=
=
= 0.33322
Limit at x=2.01
f(2.01)=
=
= 0.3225
From the above table we have to estimate the limit when x tends to 2
Here answer is 0.333....
Q 2:Determine whether the following is dis-continuous at x=-1,0,
Solution :Given
Verifying for continuity at x=-1
Therefore here = f(-1)
f(x)=f(-1)
Hence the function is continuous at x=-1
Verifying at x=0
Therefore here = f(0)
f(x)=f(0)
Hence the function is continuous at x=0
Q 3:
=
=(3)(
=
Q:4
Solution: Partial derivative for the given equation is,
Q:5 Find the partial derivative of the following
Z= ,x=st , y=
Solution:
.
Q:6 Solve the following D.E
Solution : Approximating over all change in y
= 0.02w = =
Substituting into equation we get,
(-0.03s) + (0.01d) =0.11
Therefore y decreases by approximately 11 percent.
Q:7
Suppose : is given by
( = B +,
Where B is an mn –matrix and .For example if B= and =
f(x,y,z) = + =
We claim that D. = B for all .to check this note
So indeed, D = B
Q:8
Find the total derivative of f(x,y)=2x+3y with respect to x,
Given that y= sin-1(x)
Solution:
=
2x+3y+3x.x +
Q:9
The radius and height of a cylinder are both 2cm.the radius is decreased at 1 cms and the height is increasing at 2 cms. What is the change in volume at this instant
The volume of a right circular cylinder is,
V=
We are taking total derivative of this whole to get,
2(2)(2)(-1)+ = -8 +8 =0
At this moment, the volume of the cylinder is not changing.
Q:10 Find the normal line to Find the normal line to
Solution: We can re-write this equation as:
Now we need to find the gradient of the function on the left side as at value (3,-3,2)
=
Then the normal plane is,
=+t
Q:11
Consider the surface z= 10- at (1,-1,7), find a 3d tangent vector that points in the direction of steepest ascent.
Solution: Let our tangent vector be v= ai+bj+ck.
To find v , we have that,
The direction of steepest ascent of z(x,y) is given by the two-dimensional vector .
First we find the x,y components of v,then we find z component of v
Finding x,y components of v,
As the gradient provides the direction of steepest ascent, we compute it:
Thus, a=-2 and b=4, and are seeking a tangent vector
V=-2i+4j+ck.
Q:12 Determine in the direction of
Solution: First we calculate gradient of the points,
Here we require a unit vector but by our knowledge it is clear that the given vector is not so we change it into unit vector,
Q: 13 Find out the maxima and minima of the function
Solution: Given …(i)
Partially differentiating (i) with respect to x we get
….(ii)
Partially differentiating (i) with respect to y we get
….(iii)
Now, form the equations
Using (ii) and (iii) we get
using above two equations
Squaring both side we get
Or
This show that
Also we get
Thus we get the pair of value as
Now, we calculate
Putting above values in
At point (0,0) we get
So, the point (0,0) is a saddle point.
At point we get
So the point is the minimum point where
In case
So the point is the maximum point where
Q: 14: Find the maximum and minimum point of the function
Partially differentiating given equation with respect to and x and y then equate them to zero
On solving above we get
Also
Thus we get the pair of values (0,0), (,0) and (0,
Now, we calculate
At the point (0,0)
So function has saddle point at (0,0).
At the point (
So the function has maxima at this point (.
At the point (0,
So the function has minima at this point (0,.
At the point (
So the function has an saddle point at (
Q:15 Find the maximum and minimum value of
Let
Partially differentiating given function with respect to x and y and equate it to zero
..(i)
..(ii)
On solving (i) and (ii) we get
Thus pair of values are
Now, we calculate
At the point (0,0)
So further investigation is required
On the x axis y = 0 , f(x,0)=0
On the line y=x,
At the point
So that the given function has maximum value at
Therefore maximum value of given function
At the point
So that the given function has minimum value at
Therefore minimum value of the given function
Saddle point: A Differentiable function f(x,y) has a saddle point at a critical point (a,b) if in every open disk centered at (a,b) there are domain points (x,y) where f(x,y)> f(a ,b) and domain points where f(x ,y)<f(a ,b). The corresponding point (a,b,f(a,b)) on the surface z = f(x,y) is called a saddle point of the surface.
Q:16 Find the local extreme values of f (x,y) =
Solution: The domain of f is the entire plane ( so there are no boundary points ) and the partial derivative exist everywhere .Therefore ,local extreme values can occur only where
The only possibility is the point (0,2), where the value of f is 5 .Since
f(x,y)= never less than 5 , we see that the critical point (0,2) gives a local minimum.
Q:17 Find the local extreme values (if any) of f (x,y) =
Solution: The domain of f is the entire plane ( so there are no boundary points )and the partial derivatives exist everywhere .
Therefore local extrema can occur only at the origin (0,0) where
Along the positive x-axis , however , f has the value f(x,0) =
Along the positive y-axis ,f has the value f(0,y) =>0
Therefore ,every open disk in the xy-plane centered at (0,0) contains points where the function is positive and points where it is negative . The function has a saddle point at the origin and no local extreme values (see the following figure).
Q:18 Decampere a positive number ‘a’ in to three parts, so their product is maximum
Solution: Let x, y, z be the three parts of ‘a’ then we get.
… (1)
Here we have to maximize the product
i.e.
By Lagrange’s undetermined multiplier, we get,
… (2)
… (3)
… (4)
Ie.
… (2)’
… (3)’
… (4)
And
From (1)
Thus .
Hence their maximum product is .
Q:19 Find the point on plane nearest to the point (1, 1, 1) using Lagrange’s method of multipliers.
Solution:Let be the point on sphere which is nearest to the point . Then shortest distance.
Let
Under the condition … (1)
By method of Lagrange’s undetermined multipliers we have
… (2)
… (3)
i.e. &
… (4)
From (2) we get
From (3) we get
From (4) we get
Equation (1) becomes
i.e.
y = 2
Q:20 Find the gradient of the following:
Solution:
y=
= .
= 2x+
Q 21: Find the curl of F(x,y,z) = 3i+2zj-xk
Curl F =
=
= i -
= (0-2)i-(-1-0)j+(0-0)k
= -2i+j
Q:22 What is the curl of the vector field F= ( x +y +z ,x-y-z,)?
Solution:
Curl F =
=
=
= (2y+1)i-(2x-1)j+(1-1)k
= (2y+1)i+(1-2x)j+0k
= (2y+1, 1-2x,0)
Q:23 Compute where F= (3x+ and s is the surface of the box such that 0 use outward normal n
Solution: Writing the given vector fields in a suitable manner for finding divergence
div F =3+2y+x
We use the divergence theorem to convert the surface integral into a triple integral
Where B is the box 0 , 0
We compute the triple integral of div F=3+2y+x over the box B
=
=
= 36+3=39
Q:24 For F= ( use divergence theorem to evaluate where s is the dphere of radius 3 centred at origin.
Solution: Since div F= , the surface integral is equal to the triple integral.
To evaluate the triple integral we can change value of variables to spherical co-ordinates,
The integral is = .For spherical co-ordinates, we know that the jacobian determinant is dV = .therefore, the integral is
=
=
=
UNIT 4 – CSVTU :QB
Q:1 Find the limit of the following points
X | 1.9 | 1.99 | 1.999 | 2.001 | 2.01 | 2.1 |
F(x) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Solution:We apply the value of each x by finding the respective value through appliying limits
f(x)=
f(x)=
Finding limit at x= 1.9
f(x)=
f(1.9)=
=
= 0.3448
Limit at x=1.99
f(1.99)=
=
= 0.33444
Limit at x=1.999
f(1.999)=
=
= 0.33344
Limit at x=2.001
f(2.001)=
=
= 0.33322
Limit at x=2.01
f(2.01)=
=
= 0.3225
From the above table we have to estimate the limit when x tends to 2
Here answer is 0.333....
Q 2:Determine whether the following is dis-continuous at x=-1,0,
Solution :Given
Verifying for continuity at x=-1
Therefore here = f(-1)
f(x)=f(-1)
Hence the function is continuous at x=-1
Verifying at x=0
Therefore here = f(0)
f(x)=f(0)
Hence the function is continuous at x=0
Q 3:
=
=(3)(
=
Q:4
Solution: Partial derivative for the given equation is,
Q:5 Find the partial derivative of the following
Z= ,x=st , y=
Solution:
.
Q:6 Solve the following D.E
Solution : Approximating over all change in y
= 0.02w = =
Substituting into equation we get,
(-0.03s) + (0.01d) =0.11
Therefore y decreases by approximately 11 percent.
Q:7
Suppose : is given by
( = B +,
Where B is an mn –matrix and .For example if B= and =
f(x,y,z) = + =
We claim that D. = B for all .to check this note
So indeed, D = B
Q:8
Find the total derivative of f(x,y)=2x+3y with respect to x,
Given that y= sin-1(x)
Solution:
=
2x+3y+3x.x +
Q:9
The radius and height of a cylinder are both 2cm.the radius is decreased at 1 cms and the height is increasing at 2 cms. What is the change in volume at this instant
The volume of a right circular cylinder is,
V=
We are taking total derivative of this whole to get,
2(2)(2)(-1)+ = -8 +8 =0
At this moment, the volume of the cylinder is not changing.
Q:10 Find the normal line to Find the normal line to
Solution: We can re-write this equation as:
Now we need to find the gradient of the function on the left side as at value (3,-3,2)
=
Then the normal plane is,
=+t
Q:11
Consider the surface z= 10- at (1,-1,7), find a 3d tangent vector that points in the direction of steepest ascent.
Solution: Let our tangent vector be v= ai+bj+ck.
To find v , we have that,
The direction of steepest ascent of z(x,y) is given by the two-dimensional vector .
First we find the x,y components of v,then we find z component of v
Finding x,y components of v,
As the gradient provides the direction of steepest ascent, we compute it:
Thus, a=-2 and b=4, and are seeking a tangent vector
V=-2i+4j+ck.
Q:12 Determine in the direction of
Solution: First we calculate gradient of the points,
Here we require a unit vector but by our knowledge it is clear that the given vector is not so we change it into unit vector,
Q: 13 Find out the maxima and minima of the function
Solution: Given …(i)
Partially differentiating (i) with respect to x we get
….(ii)
Partially differentiating (i) with respect to y we get
….(iii)
Now, form the equations
Using (ii) and (iii) we get
using above two equations
Squaring both side we get
Or
This show that
Also we get
Thus we get the pair of value as
Now, we calculate
Putting above values in
At point (0,0) we get
So, the point (0,0) is a saddle point.
At point we get
So the point is the minimum point where
In case
So the point is the maximum point where
Q: 14: Find the maximum and minimum point of the function
Partially differentiating given equation with respect to and x and y then equate them to zero
On solving above we get
Also
Thus we get the pair of values (0,0), (,0) and (0,
Now, we calculate
At the point (0,0)
So function has saddle point at (0,0).
At the point (
So the function has maxima at this point (.
At the point (0,
So the function has minima at this point (0,.
At the point (
So the function has an saddle point at (
Q:15 Find the maximum and minimum value of
Let
Partially differentiating given function with respect to x and y and equate it to zero
..(i)
..(ii)
On solving (i) and (ii) we get
Thus pair of values are
Now, we calculate
At the point (0,0)
So further investigation is required
On the x axis y = 0 , f(x,0)=0
On the line y=x,
At the point
So that the given function has maximum value at
Therefore maximum value of given function
At the point
So that the given function has minimum value at
Therefore minimum value of the given function
Saddle point: A Differentiable function f(x,y) has a saddle point at a critical point (a,b) if in every open disk centered at (a,b) there are domain points (x,y) where f(x,y)> f(a ,b) and domain points where f(x ,y)<f(a ,b). The corresponding point (a,b,f(a,b)) on the surface z = f(x,y) is called a saddle point of the surface.
Q:16 Find the local extreme values of f (x,y) =
Solution: The domain of f is the entire plane ( so there are no boundary points ) and the partial derivative exist everywhere .Therefore ,local extreme values can occur only where
The only possibility is the point (0,2), where the value of f is 5 .Since
f(x,y)= never less than 5 , we see that the critical point (0,2) gives a local minimum.
Q:17 Find the local extreme values (if any) of f (x,y) =
Solution: The domain of f is the entire plane ( so there are no boundary points )and the partial derivatives exist everywhere .
Therefore local extrema can occur only at the origin (0,0) where
Along the positive x-axis , however , f has the value f(x,0) =
Along the positive y-axis ,f has the value f(0,y) =>0
Therefore ,every open disk in the xy-plane centered at (0,0) contains points where the function is positive and points where it is negative . The function has a saddle point at the origin and no local extreme values (see the following figure).
Q:18 Decampere a positive number ‘a’ in to three parts, so their product is maximum
Solution: Let x, y, z be the three parts of ‘a’ then we get.
… (1)
Here we have to maximize the product
i.e.
By Lagrange’s undetermined multiplier, we get,
… (2)
… (3)
… (4)
Ie.
… (2)’
… (3)’
… (4)
And
From (1)
Thus .
Hence their maximum product is .
Q:19 Find the point on plane nearest to the point (1, 1, 1) using Lagrange’s method of multipliers.
Solution:Let be the point on sphere which is nearest to the point . Then shortest distance.
Let
Under the condition … (1)
By method of Lagrange’s undetermined multipliers we have
… (2)
… (3)
i.e. &
… (4)
From (2) we get
From (3) we get
From (4) we get
Equation (1) becomes
i.e.
y = 2
Q:20 Find the gradient of the following:
Solution:
y=
= .
= 2x+
Q 21: Find the curl of F(x,y,z) = 3i+2zj-xk
Curl F =
=
= i -
= (0-2)i-(-1-0)j+(0-0)k
= -2i+j
Q:22 What is the curl of the vector field F= ( x +y +z ,x-y-z,)?
Solution:
Curl F =
=
=
= (2y+1)i-(2x-1)j+(1-1)k
= (2y+1)i+(1-2x)j+0k
= (2y+1, 1-2x,0)
Q:23 Compute where F= (3x+ and s is the surface of the box such that 0 use outward normal n
Solution: Writing the given vector fields in a suitable manner for finding divergence
div F =3+2y+x
We use the divergence theorem to convert the surface integral into a triple integral
Where B is the box 0 , 0
We compute the triple integral of div F=3+2y+x over the box B
=
=
= 36+3=39
Q:24 For F= ( use divergence theorem to evaluate where s is the dphere of radius 3 centred at origin.
Solution: Since div F= , the surface integral is equal to the triple integral.
To evaluate the triple integral we can change value of variables to spherical co-ordinates,
The integral is = .For spherical co-ordinates, we know that the jacobian determinant is dV = .therefore, the integral is
=
=
=