Unit 2
Communicative Grammar
2.1.1. Time
Time can be described as a concept which is related to our perception of reality. There are three times: past, present and future. Tense may be a grammatical category which is marked by verb inflection and expresses when an occurrence or action happens in the flow of time.
Time and tense are not overlapping concepts. Though tense is relevant to time, there's no one-to-one correspondence between the two. Tense may be a grammatical category: instead of with “reality”, it describes with how events are placed, seen, and remarked along the past-present-future time line. Thus, a present tense doesn't always confer with present time, nor a past tense to past time. Actually, the present and past tenses can confer with all three segments of the time line (past, present, and future).
For example, the present tense could also be used to discuss a future event (often, but not necessarily, in conjunction with a future time adverbial), while the so-called “historic present” – frequently employed to convey dramatic immediacy – refers to the past as if it were happening now:
- The World Cup starts next week
- Hear what happened to me the other day. The boss comes in my office and says: ‘You’re fired!’…
By the same token, a past tense can confer with present time. This occurs, for example, in hypothetical sentences, in reported speech, additionally as in other structures:
- If I had more cash, I would buy a brand-new car
- Did you tell him you were/are busy?
- It’s time you changed your car
Furthermore, the past tense can express tentativeness, often related to politeness:
- Did you want to make a phone call?
- Were you looking for me?
2.1.2. Tense
Tenses determine whether something has happened, is happening, or will happen. The tense of a verb describes its position in time.
Tenses can be divided into 3 main types and further sub dived into 4 types:
PRESENT TENSES
1. Simple Present Tense: In this type of tense the action is still taking place, there is no mention of its completeness.
Example: I sleep.
She studies vocabulary every day.
2. Present Continuous Tense: In this type of tense the action is still in progress, therefore the use of the word ‘continuous’.
Example: I am sleeping.
I am eating lunch, I will call you later.
3. Present Perfect Tense: In this type of tense the action has already been completed, hence the use of the word ‘perfect’.
Example: I have slept.
I have eaten Chinese food a few times already.
4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense: In this type of tense, the action has started taking place beforehand and is still ongoing.
Example: I have been sleeping.
I have been eating a lot of vegetables lately.
PAST TENSES
1. Simple Past Tense: In this type of tense the action which is mentioned has already taken place in the past, there is no continuity.
Example: I got some sleep yesterday.
2. Past Continuous Tense: This type of tense describes an on-going action that took place in the past.
Example: I was having lunch when u called yesterday.
3. Past Perfect Tense: This type of tense describes a completed action which took place in the past.
Examples: I had slept.
I had already eaten when my doorbell rang.
4. Past Perfect Continuous Tense: This type of tense describes an action which started in the past and continued until another point in time, still in the past.
Example: I had been sleeping for two hours before my friend arrived.
FUTURE TENSES
1. Simple Future Tense: This type of tense describes an action taking place in the future; there is no mention of its continuity.
Example: I will sleep.
I shall finish my project by tomorrow morning.
2. Future Continuous Tense: This type of tense describes an action that will take place in the future but will still be ongoing.
Example: I will be sleeping at 11 p.m.
I’ll be staying at my parents’ house for a few weeks.
3. Future Perfect Tense: This type of tense describes an action that will occur in the future before another action in the future.
Example: I will have slept before you arrive.
4. Future Perfect Continuous Tense: This type of tense describes an on-going action in the future before a completed action in a specific point in time.
Example: I will have been sleeping for seven hours by 9 a.m. Tomorrow morning.
I will have been studying for two hours by the time my parents arrive.
Below are some basic rules regarding the sequencing of tenses:
Rule 1: A past tense in the independent clause is always followed by a past tense in the subordinate clause. Example: I found out that she was out of town.
However, there is an exception to this rule. When the independent clause in the past tense, the subordinate clause can be in the present tense if a universal truth is being stated by it. Example: The children were taught that honesty is the best policy.
Another exception to this rule is when the word ‘than’ is used in the sentence to introduce the subordinate clause. In this case, the subordinate clause can be used in any tense irrespective of the tense of the independent clause.
Rule 2: If the tense used with the independent clause is in the present or future tense, the tense of the subordinate clause can be in any tense based on what needs to be conveyed. Example: She is saying that she is alright. She says she is fine.
Rule 3: If the independent clause is in the future tense, the subordinate clause is not used in the future tense instead a subordinating clause beginning with when, until, before, after etc. is used. Example: I will call you when dinner is ready. I shall wait until you return.
Rule 4: When the subordinate clause is introduced with the conjunction ‘that’, the following rules must be followed,
- ‘May’ should be used in the subordinate clause when the independent clause is in the present tense.
- ‘Might’ should be used in the subordinate clause when the independent clause is in the past tense.
Example: We eat that we may live. She tried to live so that he might have a chance at life.
Rule 5: When some phrases such as If only, wish that, what if, it is time are used, the clauses that follow it are always in the past tense. Example: I wish I could eat another ice cream.
2.1.3. Aspect
Aspect is a grammatical category that reflects the perception from which an action/situation is seen: as complete, ongoing, having duration, beginning, ending, or being repeated. The aspect of a verb doesn't indicate when an action takes place in time; it rather shows the connection between the action and the passage of time as seen from the speaker's point of view. There are two aspects in English: the continuous (also called the progressive) aspect expresses duration; the perfect aspect expresses completion. The combination of these two aspects makes the perfect continuous.
The Continuous Aspect
The continuous aspect is expressed with the auxiliary be and the participle -ing form of the verb. Depending on the time of the action, we use one of the subsequent forms of be: the past (was, were), present (am, are, is) or modal + infinitive (e.g. Will be).
The continuous aspect focuses on the duration of an occurrence. It expresses that the action was, is or will be ongoing at a particular point in time or over a period of time. The point in time could also be defined by a time (now, at 5 o'clock yesterday, this time tomorrow) or a clause (when I came home, once I come home). For the amount of time, we may also use a time (all day yesterday) or a clause (while she was reading).
Examples of the continuous aspect:
- Are you enjoying yourself? (now)
- At 9 o'clock, I was sitting on the train.
- When I came home, he was sleeping.
- She must be waiting for me. (now)
- Rob was hiking all day yesterday.
- While she was reading, Bill was working on the pc.
- In January, I'll be living at my brother's.
The Perfect Aspect
The perfect aspect is expressed with the auxiliary have and the past participle form of the verb. Depending on the time of the action, we use one of the subsequent forms of have: the past (had), present (have, has), modal + infinitive (e.g. Will have) or -ing (having).
The perfect aspect focuses on the completion of an occurrence. It expresses that the action had, has or will have been completed by a particular point in time. This point in time could be defined by a time (by 5 o'clock) or a clause (by the time you get home, when I arrived).
Examples of the perfect aspect:
- I've lived here for ten years. (from 10 years ago until now)
- By 5 o'clock, he had finished the letter. (at some time before 5 o'clock)
- When I arrived, they had already left. (at some time before I arrived)
- Have you seen my new bike? (at any time up to now)
- I will have done the ironing by the time you get home. (between now and when you get home)
- He might have missed the train. (at some time before now)
- Having taken the incorrect turn, he ended up during a dangerous neighbourhood. (he took the left turn before he found himself in a dangerous neighbourhood)
Key Takeaways
- Time is a concept which is related to our perception of reality whereas tense is a grammatical category which is marked by verb inflection and expresses when an occurrence or action happens in the flow of time.
- Time has three components: Past, present and future.
- Tenses determine whether something has happened, is happening, or will happen. The tense of a verb describes its position in time.
- Tenses can be divided as follows:
5. If the tense used with the independent clause is in the present or future tense, the tense of the subordinate clause can be in any tense based on what needs to be conveyed.
6. A past tense in the independent clause is always followed by a past tense in the subordinate clause.
7. When some phrases such as If only, wish that, what if, it is time are used, the clauses that follow it are always in the past tense.
8. Aspect is a grammatical category that reflects the perception from which an action/situation is seen: as complete, ongoing, having duration, beginning, ending, or being repeated.
9. The aspect of a verb doesn't indicate when an action takes place in time; it rather shows the connection between the action and the passage of time as seen from the speaker's point of view.
10. Aspects have two categories: Continuous aspect/progressive aspect and perfect aspect.
11. The continuous aspect focuses on the duration of an occurrence. It expresses that the action was, is or will be ongoing at a particular point in time or over a period of time.
12. The perfect aspect focuses on the completion of an occurrence. It expresses that the action had, has or will have been completed by a particular point in time.
English verbs are often placed in various classes depending on their meaning. In other words, they may be classified “semantically.” Two of the most vital classes of these verbs include: event verbs and state verbs.
Event verbs discuss events—happenings that begin and end at a particular time. For example, the verb 'build' is an event verb as can be seen in the sentence, Jack built an attractive house by the beach. Some samples of event verbs include: eat, break, fly, fall, begin, watch, boil, drink, explode, kick etc.
Event verbs (also known as action verbs or dynamic verbs) are verbs that describe actions. These verbs may be used in the simple or continuous forms.
The present perfect is often used with state verbs and an adverbial concerning a period of time coming up to the present, as in Jack has worked for the same company for seventeen years. However, the present perfect of an action verb is not commonly utilized in this context and if it is, in a sentence like Jack has eaten in that restaurant for six years, there's a crucial change of meaning: the verb now refers, not to a continual state, but to a series of repeated events. (The present perfect continuous is more commonly employed to express this type of fact as in, Jack has been eating in that restaurant for six years.)
Below are a few examples of event verbs:
Walk
- Every day I walk home from class.
- I ‘m walking to the store right now.
Read
- I read mostly historical fiction.
- I ‘ve been reading a book that takes place in Victorian times.
Help
- My sister helps me with my homework.
- My mother is helping me learn how to drive.
Watch
- Bob watches four hours of TV every night.
- Last night, she got furious at him because he changed the channel while she was watching her favourite show.
State verbs discuss states—conditions or situations that are seen as not having any definite beginning or end; in other words, they're seen as permanent. For instance, the verb 'own' is a state verb as it is used in the sentence Jack owns an attractive house by the beach may be a state verb. Some instances of state verbs include: work, be, live, know, believe, contain, belong, matter, last, depend, deserve etc.
State verbs (or stative verbs) describe a status or quality of something… NOT an action. State verbs can be categorized as verbs of perception, opinion, the senses, emotion, possession, and state of being.
State verbs aren't normally used with any of the continuous tenses. In other words, they are "non-continuous" (or "non-progressive"). Sometimes, these non-continuous verbs are often put into a continuous tense, but when this happens there's a change in meaning as well as a change in tense. For example, Harry thinks reading books could be a waste of time refers to Harry's permanent opinion but in be quiet. Harry is thinking the verb refers to a temporary activity with a precise beginning and end.
Below are some examples of commonly used state verbs:
Stative Verbs of Opinion/Perception:
Agree/disagree, approve/disapprove, suppose, suspect, know, believe, understand, recognize, prefer etc.
- I’ve known my best friend since childhood.
- We agree with you.
- He doesn’t understand the article.
Stative Verbs of Possession:
Have, own, belong, possess, include, owe
- I have a bicycle.
- This book belongs to the teacher.
- Our tour included a visit to the Contemporary Art Museum.
Stative Verbs of the Senses:
Hear, smell, see, feel, appear, seem, resemble, etc.
- I hear some music playing.
- This perfume smells like roses.
- He seemed upset last night.
Stative Verbs of Emotion:
Love, hate, like, want, need, desire, wish, etc.
- I love ice cream.
- She has always hated jazz.
- They need some help.
Stative Verbs of States/Qualities:
Cost, exist, depend, deserve, involve, matter, weigh, contain, consist, measure, etc.
- This piece of meat weighs two pounds.
- The box contains a pair of earrings.
- Success depends on how much effort you make.
- This class will involve lots of research.
Key Takeaways
- Event verbs, also known as action or dynamic verbs, discuss events—happenings that begin and end at a particular time.
- The present perfect is often used with state verbs and an adverbial concerning a period of time coming up to the present.
- Examples of event verbs include: walk, read, help, watch etc.
- State verbs, or stative verbs, discuss states—conditions or situations that are seen as not having any definite beginning or end; in other words, they're seen as permanent.
- State verbs describe a status or quality of something… NOT an action.
- Examples of state verb include, agree, suppose, belong, owe, smell, feel, love, wish, cost, measure, consist etc.
A preposition is a word that connects the noun/pronoun in a sentence to the other parts of the sentence such as the verbs and adjectives. It determines the relationship between the nouns, pronouns and the other words in a sentence.
They help one understand the relationships of logic, space and sequence between the different parts of a sentence.
Below are few examples of prepositions commonly used in the English language:
- I just came back from the U.S.
- The book is inside the drawer.
- The kid threw a stone into the lake.
A preposition cannot be plural or possessive. Sometimes prepositions can also act as nouns, verbs and adverbs.
Types of Prepositions
- Prepositions of Time:
These prepositions indicate when something happens, will happen or has happened in any point in time.
Prepositions of time include at, on, in, before, during, after.
Examples:
- John was born on the 7th of August.
- David left his job in 2012.
- Amy ate lots of fruits during her pregnancy.
2. Prepositions of Place:
These prepositions usually indicate the position of a particular thing or person. The three most common prepositions of time are on, at and in.
These prepositions may also indicate the time along with place but depending on their use it can be easily ascertained what they are referring to.
Examples:
- The ball is in the court.
- The clothes are on the top shelf.
- I was at the supermarket just yesterday.
3. Prepositions of Direction or Movement:
Prepositions of movement indicate the direction in which a person or an object is moving.
‘To’ is the most commonly used preposition of movement.
Examples:
- I went to shop for groceries but all the shops were closed.
- He took his dog to the park.
The other prepositions of direction or movement are across, though, over, down, up, past, around.
4. Prepositions of Manner:
Prepositions of manner describe the way in which things take place or means by which things happen.
Prepositions of manner include by, in, like, with, on.
Examples:
- I like travelling by car.
- She went to the school in a taxi.
- Jacob sings like a professional.
- He reacted with pity when he saw the poor cat.
5. Preposition of Agents or Instruments:
Preposition of Agents or Instruments describe the action conducted by a person or object on another person or object.
Most common prepositions of these types are by and with.
Examples:
- The song was recorded by James.
- He cuts his hair with a clipper.
6. Prepositions of Possession:
Prepositions of Possession indicate the owing or owning of an object. It also can be used when something is own to someone. Prepositions of possession include of, with and to.
Examples:
- This is the car of my niece.
- He said he saw a man with a green umbrella.
- This jacket belongs to my grandfather.
Use of Prepositions and Common Errors
The use of prepositions in sentences can be a difficult task. Propositions are sometimes short and very common (e.g., at, in and on), and may have several uses depending on the context, which can make it difficult to know which preposition to use.
Below are some common errors to avoid with prepositions:
- Temporal Errors: The use of 'in' and 'at' depends on the time of the day. For example, in sentences we always use the preposition “in” with “morning,” “afternoon,” and “evening.” But the preposition 'at' is used when talking about the night:
- Helen goes running in the morning.
- Tim goes running in the afternoon.
- Shirley goes running in the evening.
- Bob goes running at night.
b. Spatial Errors (In and at vs. To): The preposition 'to' can be used to discuss journeys (e.g., “I’m going to Tasmania”). But if the word “arrive,” is present in a sentence we use “in” or “at” to describe reaching a destination. For instance:
- She arrived in Tasmania just after lunch.
- He arrived at the restaurant five minutes late.
The use of “in” or “at” typically depends on the destination:
The preposition “in” for cities, countries or other large areas. While the preposition “at” is used for specific places (e.g., a library, a bar, or someone’s house).
c. Time, Days, Months, and Years (At, On, and In): Different prepositions are used in different contexts while referring to time in days, months and years.
If a time of the day is being referred, the correct term is “at”:
- The party starts at 9pm.
If a specific day or date is being referred, we use “on”:
- The party is on Saturday.
While referring to a month or year, the correct preposition is “in”:
- We’re having a party in April.
d. Helping verbs: With auxiliary verbs such as “should” or “must.”, the preposition "of" is used.
Exception: I should of gone to bed earlier. ✗
However, this is an error. The correct word here isn’t even a preposition.
Rather, the verb “have,” must be used which sounds a bit like “of” when spoken (hence the confusion). Thus, it should say:
I should have gone to bed earlier. ✓
e. Present Continuous Tense: If something has been happening from a long time, we use “for” when referring to a length of time (e.g., a period of hours, days, or months):
- I’ve been writing for six hours.
But if a specific time is used as a point of reference, we use “since”:
- I’ve been writing since breakfast.
The difference here is that the first refers to a measure of time, while the second refers to a fixed point in the past when the activity began.
f. Talking About and Discussing: “Talking” and “discussing” are similar activities, so people often treat these words as interchangeable. However, only the preposition “about” must be used after “talking.” For example:
- We’re talking about extreme sports. ✓
- We’re discussing extreme sports. ✓
- We’re discussing about extreme sports. ✗
Key Takeaways
- A preposition is a word that connects the noun/pronoun in a sentence to the other parts of the sentence such as the verbs and adjectives.
- A preposition determines the relationship between the nouns, pronouns and the other words in a sentence.
- A preposition cannot be plural or possessive. Sometimes prepositions can also act as nouns, verbs and adverbs.
- Prepositions of time indicate when something happens, will happen or has happened in any point in time.
- Prepositions of place indicate the position of a particular thing or person.
- Prepositions of movement indicate the direction in which a person or an object is moving.
- Prepositions of manner describe the way in which things take place or means by which things happen.
- Preposition of Agents or Instruments describe the action conducted by a person or object on another person or object.
- Prepositions of Possession indicate the owing or owning of an object. It also can be used when something is own to someone.
- The preposition 'to' can be used to discuss journeys (e.g., “I’m going to Tasmania”). But if the word “arrive,” is present in a sentence we use “in” or “at” to describe reaching a destination.
The ability to express and control emotions and attitudes is essential, but so is the ability to understand, interpret, and respond to the emotions of others. This ability is referred to as emotional intelligence. Some experts even suggest that it can be more important than IQ in your overall success in life.
Components of Emotional intelligence
Researchers suggest that there are four different levels of emotional intelligence including emotional perception, the ability to reason using emotions, the ability to understand emotions, and the ability to manage emotions.
- Perceiving emotions: The accurate perception of an emotion is the first step towards understanding it. Most of the time it involves understanding nonverbal signals such as body language and facial expressions.
2. Reasoning with emotions: The second most important component of emotional intelligence is using emotions to promote thinking and cognitive activity. Emotions often prioritize what we pay attention and react to; in other words, we respond emotionally to things that garner our attention.
3. Understanding emotions: A wide range of meanings can be carried by the emotions that we perceive. If someone is expressing angry emotions, the observer must interpret the cause of the person's anger and what it could mean. For example, if your boss is acting angry, it might mean that they are dissatisfied with your work, or it could be because they got a speeding ticket on their way to work that morning or that they've been fighting with their partner.
4. Managing emotions: Manage emotions effectively is a crucial part of emotional intelligence and the highest level. Regulating emotions and responding appropriately as well as responding to the emotions of others are all important aspects of emotional management.
The four branches of this model are arranged by complexity with the more basic processes at the lower levels and the more advanced processes at the higher levels. For example, the lowest levels involve perceiving and expressing emotion, while higher levels require greater conscious involvement and involve regulating emotions.
Understanding and Expressing Emotions
Hope: Hope is an optimistic state of mind that's which is primarily based on an expectation of positive outcomes with regard to events and circumstances in one's life or the world at large. As a verb, its definitions include: "expect with confidence" and "to cherish a desire with anticipation." Hope can show a future or past desire (something we want). Even though we wish for something, “hope” doesn’t mean we will work relentlessly to achieve it – it’s a feeling in our heads, but not an action.
- I hope I pass the exam! (present tense talking about the future)
- I hope she’ll be okay!
- We’re all hoping for a better future. (present continuous taking about the future)
Anticipation of Pleasure: Anticipation is an emotion involving pleasure or anxiety in considering or awaiting an expected event. Anticipation is excitement, waiting eagerly for something you know and you wait for it to happen. For instance, someone who has just proposed marriage waits in anticipation for a positive reply. Anticipation may be a nervous expectation, like when the birthday celebration waited in anticipation for Elmer to walk in so that they could surprise him. However, anticipation may also mean to be like a Boy Scout: prepared. Anticipation of a pleasurable event can be expressed using words such as "excited", "pumped up" (Excited, particularly due to anticipation) (or just pumped, without a preposition) and "stoked" (“(slang) Feeling excitement or an exciting rush), both of which are used to express excitement about near-future events. "Eager" is another word that helps in the expression of anticipation of a pleasurable event.
- For example: I am so stoked about Christmas this year!
Disappointment: As an emotion, disappointment can be described as a kind of sadness—a feeling of loss, an uncomfortable space (or a painful gap) between our expectations and reality. When we believe that there is something we must possess to be happy and fulfilled, we often set ourselves up for disappointment.
Formal Expressions for Disappointment
- What a shame!
- That's too bad.
- That's so disappointing!
- I was so looking forward to ...
- I / We had high hopes for ...
- What we had been led to expect was ...
Informal Expressions for Disappointment
- What a bummer!
- What a let-down!
- That stinks.
Approval: Approval as an emotion refers to the act of acknowledging and agreeing to an action or event in a favourable way. Approval can be expressed with the use of a positive adjective such as good, great, amazing, fantastic, perfect or wonderful with the verb to be:
- That is/was great/amazing/fantastic.
- That’s a good/great/excellent idea.
You can also use one of these adjectives with the verbs to appear or to sound:
- It looks/it’s looking good/great.
- Looks good/great to me!
- That sounds great/perfect.
You can say you like or love the way someone does something:
- I really just like the way you’ve decorated this room.
- I love the way she writes.
For informal expression of approval, the present continuous tense form of verbs such as like or love can be used:
- I am loving this five-day weekend!
- I’m really liking my new phone.
Disapproval: Disapproval is a feeling which is expressed when one share's their dislike or opposition regarding something. There are very many ways of showing disapproval. Here are a few of them:
- It’s not looking (too/that) good/great.
- That doesn’t sound/seem like a very good idea.
- I don’t really like the way she speaks to her friends.
- We only see one another about 3 hours each day, and I am not liking that in the least.
- I’m not impressed with their customer service.
Surprise: Surprise is usually caused by something happening suddenly or unexpectedly and expressed with the help of interjections. Interjections are words used to express strong feeling or sudden emotion. Expression of surprise may be followed by exclamation points in written sentences.
When you got surprising fact, you can say:
- Do you know what?
- Believe it or not?
- You may not believe it, but….
- Can you believe this?
Expression of surprise also includes the expression of disbelief, which may be genuine disbelief over a fact or statement, or just surprise over a fact which may be true but unbelievable.
- I don’t believe it
- I can’t believe it
- It’s really unbelievable
- How could it be?
Here are some expressions of surprise:
How to Improve Emotional Intelligence
While it can take time and practice, soft skills like emotional intelligence can be improved. Here are several ways you can work to improve these skills:
Practice social awareness. Take time during the span of a business week to pay special attention to the interactions around you, both yours and others. Observing the way people use and react to emotion can help you fine-tune your own ability in empathy.
Look inward (Self Awareness). While observing others and their interactions can be helpful, monitoring your own emotions and your response to them can also increase your emotional awareness. For example, you might notice that when you feel stress you tend to be short with others. Or when you are feeling sad or disappointed, you might notice your shoulders slouch or head points downward.
React and respond to others. Practice addressing and working with others based on the way you observe they are feeling. A helpful method when deciding how you should react is to consider how you would like to be treated under the same circumstances. Sometimes, however, others may not want the same treatment that may come naturally to you. For example, while you might enjoy talking about your emotions with others when you feel anxious or stressed, others might prefer to process their emotions alone. If you are unsure, you may be able to ask them about their preference in that moment.
Emotional intelligence is certainly built by trial-and-error as well. If you find that you misinterpreted a certain emotion or the way you handled someone’s feelings did not work well, learn from your mistakes and treat the situation differently the next time.
Building relationships through empathy, communication and active listening can help you be a highly valued team member at an organization. Describing instances where you have connected with others using emotional intelligence in your cover letter and during interviews can also help you be a competitive candidate.
Key Takeaways
- Emotional intelligence is the ability to express and control emotions and attitudes is essential and also the ability to understand, interpret, and respond to the emotions of others.
- Researchers suggest that there are four different levels of emotional intelligence including emotional perception, the ability to reason using emotions, the ability to understand emotions, and the ability to manage emotions.
- Hope is an optimistic state of mind that's which is primarily based on an expectation of positive outcomes with regard to events and circumstances in one's life or the world at large.
- Anticipation is an emotion involving pleasure or anxiety in considering or awaiting an expected event. Anticipation is excitement, waiting eagerly for something you know and you wait for it to happen.
- As an emotion, disappointment can be described as a kind of sadness—a feeling of loss, an uncomfortable space (or a painful gap) between our expectations and reality.
- Approval as an emotion refers to the act of acknowledging and agreeing to an action or event in a favourable way.
- Surprise is usually caused by something happening suddenly or unexpectedly and expressed with the help of interjections. Interjections are words used to express strong feeling or sudden emotion.
- While observing others and their interactions can be helpful, monitoring your own emotions and your response to them can also increase your emotional awareness.
References
- Oxford Guide to writing and speaking, John Seely, O.U.P
- A Communicative Grammar of English, Leech, G.N. And Jan Svartvik
- Better English Pronunciation, J.O O’ Corner, Cambridge.
- Effective Technical Communication, M.Asraf Rizvi, Tata McGraw Hill
- Technical Communication Today, Bovea et al. Pearson.