Unit I
Overview of Indian society
India is a country of diversity and contrast. In order to know the characteristics of Indian society, it is necessary to know the multicultural and multidimensional characteristics of the people who live there. Its diversity is reflected in language, religion, caste, race, ethnicity, weather conditions, geographical features, historical heritage, clothing and eating habits. There are several other additional factors and variables that divide society into smaller pieces. There are significant differences in socio-economic and political development in rural, urban and tribal areas. India, unlike many other countries in the world, is not just a “melting pot” of diverse cultures, where people come together to switch to one uniform category. American culture envelops all inhabitants in her one unified identity. However, India's diversity is often identified as a "salad bowl" in which each of its citizens features different identities at different levels such as caste, language, religion, and region.
Indian society is a pluralistic society. Full of diversities of language, region, religion, caste and customs, Indian society is moving towards the modernization. The main values of Indian modernization model are-Socialism, Imperialism, Nationalism, Secularism, Industrialism, Democracy, Individual Freedom and Fundamental Rights.
Demographic Composition of India
Demography is a systematic study of the population. Term is Greek.It is the origin and is composed of two words, demos (person) and graphic (describe).It means a depiction of a person. Demography studies trends and processes population-related – changes in population size, including: PatternBirth, death, and migration. Structure and composition of population such as women, men, relative proportions of different agesgroup. There are different types of demographics, including formulas.Demographics, which are mostly quantitative fields,It focuses on the social, economic or political aspects of the population. AllDemographic studies are based on the counting or enumeration process.As a census or survey – including systematic collection of data on people who live in the designated area.
Demography is a particularly important area for sociology.The emergence of sociology and its successful establishment as a disciplinerelies heavily on demographics. Two different processes happen to happen located in Europe at about the same time in the late 18th century century-Formation of the nation-state as the main form of politics the beginning of modern science of organization and statistics. Present day the state has begun to expand its role and function. For example actively interested in developing early forms of public health
Law and order management, crackdown, maintenance, economic policy Agriculture and industry, taxation and revenue generation, and Governance of the city.In this new and ever-expanding realm of national activity, systematic and regular collection of social statistics – or quantitative data on various aspects of population and economy. Collection practice national social statistics are much older in their own right,
Formed at the end of the 18th century. 1790 American Census probably the first modern census, this practice soon./The same is true for Europe in the early 1800s. In India, the census has begun to be carried out.
The Government of India from 1867 to 1972, and regularly every 10 years or a census has been conducted since 1881. Independent India continuing the practice, his ten-year census has been conducted six times since then 1951, the latest is 2001.World Movement (China, with a slightly larger population, do not carry out regular censuses).Demographic data is important for the next planning and implementation. National policies, especially those for economic development and the general public welfare. But when they first appeared, social statistics were also powerful justification of a new field of sociology. Aggregate Statistics – or numerical features that refer to large aggregates of millions people provides concrete and powerful discussions about the existence of society phenomenon. Country-level or state-level statistics such as numbers,
India being the second most populous country, after China with a population of over 120 billion, and also the seventh largest in terms of area, features a great diversity in its demographic attributes, may it's birth rate and death rate, fertility and death rate, literacy, sex ratio and child sex ratio, poverty, per capita income, employment levels, gender disparity so on.
Table 1.1 Demographic variation
Demographic variable | National average | State with the Highest % | State with the lowest % |
Literacy | 74.04% | Kerala (93.91) | Bihar (63.82) |
Poverty | 26.00% | Orissa (45.00%) | Goa (4.00%) |
Sex Ratio | 940/1000 | Kerala (1058/1000) | Haryana (861/1000) |
India as a multicultural and pluralistic society
Multiculturalism represents the existence, acceptance, or promotion of multiple cultural traditions within a single jurisdiction and is usually considered in terms of culture associated with ethnic groups. This can be done by merging regions with two or more different cultures (for example, French Canada and English Canada), or by different jurisdictions around the world (eg Australia, Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, and many). Countries and other countries).
Multicultural ideologies and policies range from advocating equal respect for different cultures in society to promoting the maintenance of cultural diversity, and policies that treat people of different ethnic and religious groups as follows: It's very different. It is defined by the group to which it belongs.
Multiculturalism, which promotes the maintenance of the uniqueness of multiple cultures, contrasts with other settlement policies such as social integration, cultural assimilation, and segregation. Multiculturalism has been described as a "salad bowl" or "cultural mosaic."
Through different government policies and strategies, two different, seemingly contradictory strategies have been developed. The first focus is on interaction and communication between different cultures. This approach is often also known as interculturalism. The second is the focus on diversity and cultural uniqueness, which can lead to cross-cultural competition and ethnic conflicts over work. Cultural isolation protects the uniqueness of the local culture of a country or region and contributes to global cultural diversity. [A common aspect of many policies following the second approach is a particular ethnicity or religion. Centralize the value of the target or cultural community.
Indian multiculturalism
According to the 1961 Indian Census, the country has 1652 indigenous languages. Indian culture has been shaped by its long history, unique geography and diverse demographics. Indian languages, religions, dances, music, architecture and customs vary from place to place in the country, but they still have something in common. Indian culture is a fusion of these diverse subcultures that span the Indian subcontinent and traditions of thousands of years ago. The Indian caste system explains the social stratification and social limitations of the Indian subcontinent. I will. Thousands of endogamy genetic groups, often referred to as Jati or caste.
Religiously, Hindus make up the majority, followed by Muslims. Statistics are Hindu (80.5%), Muslim (13.4%), Christian (2.3%), Sikh (2.1%), Buddhist, Bahai, Jain, Jewish, and Parsi populations. Linguistically, her two major linguistic families in India are Indo-Aryan (a branch of the Indo-European language family) and Dravidian. In north-eastern India, people who speak Sino-Tibetan languages are common, such as Meitei (Meitei) and Austro-Asiatic languages, which are recognized by the Constitution of India. India follows (officially) a three-language policy. Hindi (spoken in the form of Hindustani) is the official language of the Commonwealth, English has a quasi / quasi-official federal status, and each state has its own official language (Hindi). In the linguistic sphere, this results in bilingualism). Moreover, India has no national language. The boundaries of the states of the Republic of India are drawn primarily on the basis of language groups. This decision led to the preservation and continuation of the local folk language subculture, with the exception of Hindispraum, which itself is divided into many states. As such, most states differ from each other in language, culture, cooking, clothing, style, architecture, music, and festivals.
India is religious, including the Mopra riots, the Bombay riots, the 1984 anti-seek riots, the 2002 Gujarat riots, the 2012 Assam riots, and most recently his 2013 Muzaffarnagar riots in Uttar Pradesh. I encountered motivated violence. This applies to communities that have traditionally been at a disadvantage in public employment, such as crackdowns in the same area, owners' insecurity in offering real estate for sale or rent, and social insecurity in accepting interracial marriages. It is due.
India has the largest population of some non-Indian religions, such as Baha'i Faith and Zoroastrianism.
A multidimensional society is one in which people from different origins, backgrounds, and beliefs gather to form a society and live in it. In this case, no one has any coercion or coercion to destroy the existing belief system and adapt it to the new system. Such societies are more or less based on the principle of "live and live." Even minorities are allowed to maintain their own different identities in the matter of differentiating them.
Advantages of a pluralist society
One of the main strengths of a pluralist society is that the inhabitants are more embraced and more forgiving. They try to understand much more about the differences that others may find difficult to accept. They tend to be open to the minority.
Members of such societies are more likely to maintain their beliefs without compromising their beliefs. Those who belong to a multidimensional society understand that different perspectives and different takes may exist for the same problem. I can do it. Trying to lead people with different skills also has a positive effect on leadership skills. This ultimately helps in the decision-making process.
Weaknesses of pluralist society
There is a risk of alienation between the two factions due to overexposure to each other's belief system. This can lead to hostile acts that can easily escalate with even the slightest trigger. This may also be due to the authorities showing favor for one group over other groups. It may be difficult for people who have lived in such a society to live and adapt to a homogeneous society in a short period of time.
Countries like India and the United States are examples of pluralist societies. Indian citizens believe in a variety of religions, including Hinduism, Christianity, Islam, Sikhism, Jainism, and Buddhism, but they still live together. On the other hand, people of various ethnicities and cultures coexist in the United States. Another example of a pluralist society is Turkey, which acts as a cultural hub for two continents. When the formation of a pluralistic society is encouraged, it is known as active pluralism. The essence of pluralism is to build and build social ties.
India as MULTI-RELIGIONIST
India is the birthplace of global wide religions. Its ancestors have preached and practiced all of the principal religions on earth, growing secular ideals, customs, rituals, rituals, rituals and institutions. The coexistence of all religions and positive ideals is an excellent instance of non secular pluralism and tolerance. Despite a few conflicts and riots, the ideas of secularism had been again and again upheld through the public.
The Indian Constitution successfully displays the thoughts of multi-religiousists. It states that "each citizen has the proper to freely practice, preach, profess, and sell any faith or belief." A secular kingdom is described as "a kingdom wherein all religions and residents are dealt with fairly, no matter faith." Unlike its neighbours, India is a kingdom faith and consequently does now no longer assist a specific faith. Apart from the principal religions, a few tribal religions coexist in Indian society.
Following are the main religions and the percentage of population belonging to that religion.
Table 1.2
Religions | Percentage of population |
Hinduism | 80.45% |
Islam | 13.43% |
Christianity | 2.34% |
Sikhism | 1.86% |
Buddhism | 0.77% |
Jainism | 0.41% |
Zorastrianism | 0.09% |
Others( Jews etc) | 0.06% |
- Hinduism-Hinduism is one in every of her oldest religions in India. The majority of the populace continues, however its foundation isn't because of the prophets or founders. The important Hindu scriptures encompass the Vedas, so the scriptures encompass Bhagavad-Gita, Ramayan, and Prana. Idolatry, Purucharta's theory, Karma's theory, and the doctrine of rebirth are a number of the essential ideas of Hinduism.
They consider with inside the Trinity of Brahma (Creator), Vishnu (Maintainer), Mahesh or Shiva (Destroyer). It consists of 4 ideas: joy) and moksha. Hindus additionally have denominations, shaivism and vaishism, and 4 castes, Brahma and Kushatriya, defined later with inside the phase on Indian magnificence structure. , Vaisha, and Shudra.
b. Islam-Islam originated in Arabia across the seventh century AD. The Arabic time period Islam method give up to God. The Prophet Muhammad is the founding father of this faith. It is monotheistic and believes in simplest one god, Allah. The Quran is a Islamic scripture. This faith relies upon on his 5 pillars. They are Allah (believing in a single god), Ramadan (fasting with inside the auspicious moon), Hajj (pilgrimage at the least as soon as in a lifetime), catfish (praying him 5 instances a day), and zakat. (Charity). His important denominations of Islam are Shiites and Sunnis.
c. Christianity: Christianity is likewise a monotheistic faith. The Bible is a Christian scripture. They are similarly divided into Roman Catholic and Protestant. The important ideas of faith are set out with inside the Ten Commandments. The Bible consists of values of mankind, charity, mercy, repentance, and so on.
d. Sikhism: Guru Nanak is the founding father of Sikhism. Guru granth sahib is a Sikh scripture that consists of all of the hymns and songs composed through all his ten authorities of Sikhism. Sikhs consider in Satnerm, the Almighty God. A sect of Sikhs following KhalsaPanthare, known as Singh, that means lion or father or mother of faith. They are anticipated to observe his five Ks. That is, Kesh, Kara, Kanga, Kacha, Kirpan.
e. Jainism: Jainism is a faith primarily based totally entirely on moral conduct. The twenty fourth Tirthankara is ValdamanMahavira, who's stated to be the founding father of Jainism. It is similarly divided into of his Digambara and Digambara. Jain believes in karma, however now no longer in caste inequality. Ahimsa (non-violence), non-stealing, truth, non-ownership are the various values that Jain preached. Most of the fans of this faith are in India.
f. Buddhism: Buddhism is known as a commonplace faith. Found in India, its fans are determined all around the globe. Gautama Buddha is the founding father of Buddhism. They are similarly divided into Hinayana and Mahayana. They consider in Noble Eightfold Path as a approach to the unhappiness of life.
Gender as a demographic variable is an essential element of understanding the development and social progress of a country. As experts correctly point out, "unbrought development is considered at risk" sex ratio, child sex ratio (0-6 years), and girl health, education, Gender development in countries where it is essential to know the parameters of labor participation as indicators.
This section may be limited to the phenomenon of sex ratio and child sex ratio as an indicator of women's empowerment in the country. (Other components are discussed in the next unit on gender inequality). The sex ratio is defined as the number of women per 1,000 men in the population. The sex ratio of a child is defined as the number of women in her 0-6 age group per 1,000 men in the population. This is an important social indicator for measuring the degree of equality between men and women in society at a particular point in time. Internationally, this ratio is calculated as the number of men per 1,000 women in women, including underdeveloped Sub-Saharan Africa. The reverse method was calculated only in some South Asian countries where female infant killings and female abortions are rampant.
The sex ratio has been declining since the first census conducted in 1901, and has become clearer since independence (the incidence of slight increases is rare). The number has been declining from 972 in 1901, 946 in 1951, and 927 in 1991 (the lowest in the last 100 years). Thanks to the efforts of civil society organizations and the strict legislation of the 1994 PCPNDT Act (revised in 2003), there have been minor improvements, with the 2011 census currently reaching 940 only in the last 20 years.
In addition, the decline in the sex ratio of children aged 0 to 6 is surprisingly high. The sex ratio of children in 1901 (sex ratio of boys) was 976 in 1961. A slight improvement in the overall sex ratio of 6 points (927 to 933) between 1991 and 2001 is not complemented by a complete improvement in the sex ratio of the corresponding child. There were 945 in 1981 and 927 in 2001.
Contrary to all common beliefs and myths, progressive and economically developed states have the lowest sex ratios in the country. There is a historical shortage of women such as Punjab (893 per 1000 men), Hariyana (877 per 1000 men), Maharashtra (925 per 1000 men) and Gujarat (918 per 1000 men). Alongside the states, we have joined the list of states where the sex ratio is declining sharply. 2011. Even the sex ratios of children in these states have fallen by nearly 50 points compared to 2001, which is disastrously low.
Decreased sex ratios in children are a socio-economic problem, but the immediate cause is arguably the improper use of medical techniques such as pre-pregnancy and prenatal testing techniques (also known as sex-determining tests). Prenatal elimination of a female foetation, commonly referred to as a female fetal control agent. Another big reason is my son's taste. His son's tastes are deeply rooted in Indian society, strengthening patriarchal rule. This son's taste is usually justified for a variety of socio-economic or religious reasons. The financial justification is that the son inherits the father's property and is also a source of financial guarantee for old age. The religious purpose is that at least one of her sons is essential to perform the final ritual of the parents. The social benefit of having a surname in front of you and continuing your family line also plays an important role. However, the most important cause is bad dowry, which disregards girls as a parent's responsibility.
Some studies have shown that it is the wealthy and literate class of urban areas in society that is involved in sex-determination and sex-selective abortion. It is that access to small family norms and technology leads to dudu drowning of such vicious practices by this part of society. The belief-based sex ratio distribution revealed in 2001 that seeks had the most gender-biased sex ratio of 786 per 1,000 men, followed by the business community of Jaina (Jina). 870) continues. Therefore, economic prosperity has been proven to be inversely proportional to the sex ratio.
The future consequences of this issue are already beginning to appear in the rise of crime and violence against women such as trafficking, rape and sexual abuse. In states where women are scarce, such as Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, Gujarat, and even Maharashtra, women in tribal areas are traded at low prices due to the lack of brides, and the value of women is worth it. It is even lower. In this proportion, India is ranked in the bottom half of the list of 134 countries in the Gender Development Index.
Some efforts have been made by civil society organizations, NGOs, scholars and some of the media, but government and legal agencies have not ended the current crisis. Welfare systems for women's empowerment should be combined with changing attitudes towards girls and strict enforcement of the law.
Caste system India
Meaning
The caste gadget may be described as a social shape consistent with the elegance decided via way of means of beginning.
The caste gadget is a genetic class of human beings in society, distinguishing them via way of means of their relative diploma of social status or reputation. In the caste gadget, the reputation of someone is predetermined.
The social elegance that classifies human beings into one of a kind corporations known as "castes" is normally primarily based totally on a own circle of relatives tree. This gadget is called the caste gadget, wherein the social reputation is decided via way of means of beginning. No rely what sort of grownup you are, the beginning caste will now no longer change. The caste gadget commenced with a social class decided via way of means of human being’s professions. The historical caste gadget grouped human beings of the equal career beneath Neath her one elegance or "caste". This based social class is known as the caste gadget.
Being born in a selected social class in addition determines someone's manner of life, social habits, and paintings opportunities. This is the definition of the caste gadget. The starting place of the caste gadget may be primarily based totally on both spiritual ideals or positive historic influences, and is normally notion to be a aggregate of a couple of factors.
The Indian caste gadget is one of the oldest varieties of extant social stratification with inside the world. The BBC explains its complexity.
A gadget that divides Hindus into strict hierarchical corporations primarily based totally on karma (paintings) and dharma (Hindu for religion, however right here way duty) became greater than 3,000 years old. It is normally commonplace as a thing.
The concept of purity and pollution has led to some atrocities in the hierarchy against the bottom layer. Shudra and Atishdra (untouchables) faced tremendous injustice and atrocities by the hands of the top castes, especially the Brahmin. It is named after the dark ages of Indian history, where some inhumane and vicious practices were rampant in a society that denied the essential human rights of the oppressed class. Under the great leadership of Dr. Baba SahebAmbedkar, they gained a special position as a designated caste in the Constitution of India. The term used for them was Dalit (depressed person) or Harijan (coined by Mahatma Gandhi). Baba SahebAmbedkar was a pioneer in launching the Dalit movement in India to raise the status of Dalits by converting to Buddhism, which does not believe in the caste hierarchy.
Affirmative action (reservation) in India:
The Government of India Act of 1935 and Article 17 of the Constitution of India prohibit all kinds of atrocities against untouchable people. Or book. Due to central government policy, 15% of government jobs and 15% of students enrolled in college must book in a designated caste. Government work also provides reservations for Denotified Tribes (7.5%) and other junior classes (27%). This ensures an inclusive society with equal opportunity and access in the areas of employment and education
For centuries, caste has influenced almost every aspect of Hindu religious and social life, with each group occupying a particular place in this complex hierarchy.Rural communities have long been based on castes-upper and lower castes almost always live in isolated colonies, wells are not shared, and Brahmin accepts food and drink from Shudra. I could only get married within my caste .The system gave many privileges to the upper castes and allowed privileged groups to suppress the lower castes.
Often criticized for being unfair and regressive, it has remained virtually unchanged for centuries, trapping people in a fixed social order and unable to escape from it.However, despite obstacles, some Dalits and other low-caste Indians, such as BR Ambedkar, who drafted the Constitution of India, and Kocheril Rayanan, who became the first Dalit president in the country, have a prestigious position in the country. I came to work for.However, according to historians, formal distinctions between castes were not important to Indians until the 18th century, social identities were much more flexible, and people could easily move between castes.
According to a new study, when British colonial rulers, who created the social characteristics that determine Indian caste, used census to simplify the system to create a single society with an easily governable common law. , A strict border was set.
Features of caste system:
- There was a subdivision of society in which they were divided into several units called castes. The term caste is used to describe race or race. India has 2800 different castes and they have their own norms and beliefs.
- The hierarchical system was evolving at that time. There were some highs and lows among the people.
- Endogamy can be seen as an important feature of the caste system. Endogamy practices the marriage function in the same caste and has been the most followed up in India so far. For example, if someone wants to marry someone in another caste or class, he / she can face strong opposition, which can sometimes lead to honor killings. Honor killing is the practice of the death of various caste lovers. In UP, a couple was brutally killed just to satisfy the caste's ego, which does not allow them to marry someone else.
- Genetic status and profession are some of the basic characteristics that can be called a person's attribution. Obviously, caste does not mean that one achieves on the basis of merit. Indeed, it's a place that obviously can't be changed or switched. For example, a person born in the Shudra category does chores such as cleaning the toilet until he dies. Similarly, Brahmin's son was obliged to follow the culture of the priest. He was not allowed to go to his career choices.
- One of the most negative effects of the caste system is also counted in its characteristic of the indifference of food and drink by the upper class. For example, when Shudra prepares a meal and Brahmin arrives at a hungry temple. He will die hungry, but will not touch the food prepared by the lower classes. This was the influence of Indian caste practices. They were regarded as social trash whose existence could infect other people in society.
- Cultural differences remain in all castes, and these cultural differences have led to some major differences. For example, in Brahmin, people do not even touch ingredients other than meat and other vegetables, but in other cases people are interested in eating meat, which acts as a barrier to cultural practices in various castes. I had it.
- Social separation was also a decisive factor. It distinguished people based on their financial status. For example, the poor were forced to move away from some of the richest. For example, the people of the lower caste had another path. It was common practice not to even have the shadow of the lower caste people.
- Attribution was one of the most basic characteristics of the caste system. A person's caste is assigned to him, and this does not change whether he / she has achieved anything else in her life.
Key takeaways:
- Demography is a systematic study of the population
- Demographics, which are mostly quantitative fields, It focuses on the social, economic or political aspects of the population
- Demography is a particularly important area for sociology
- The Government of India from 1867 to 1972, and regularly every 10 years or a census has been conducted since 1881
- India being the second most populous country, after China with a population of over 120 billion, and also the seventh largest in terms of area, features a great diversity in its demographic attributes, may it's birth rate and death rate, fertility and death rate, literacy, sex ratio and child sex ratio, poverty, per capita income, employment levels, gender disparity so on.
- Multiculturalism represents the existence, acceptance, or promotion of multiple cultural traditions within a single jurisdiction and is usually considered in terms of culture associated with ethnic groups
- Multiculturalism, which promotes the maintenance of the uniqueness of multiple cultures, contrasts with other settlement policies such as social integration, cultural assimilation, and segregation
- Religiously, Hindus make up the majority, followed by Muslims. Statistics are Hindu (80.5%), Muslim (13.4%), Christian (2.3%), Sikh (2.1%), Buddhist, Bahai, Jain, Jewish, and Parsi populations.
- India is religious, including the Mopra riots, the Bombay riots, the 1984 anti-seek riots, the 2002 Gujarat riots, the 2012 Assam riots, and most recently his 2013 Muzaffarnagar riots in Uttar Pradesh
- One of the main strengths of a pluralist society is that the inhabitants are more embraced and more forgiving.
- There is a risk of alienation between the two factions due to overexposure to each other's belief system.
- India is the birthplace of globalwide religions. Its ancestors have preached and practiced all of the principal religions on earth, growing secular ideals, customs, rituals, rituals, rituals and institutions.
- The Indian Constitution successfully displays the thoughts of multi-religiousists. It states that "each citizen has the proper to freely practice, preach, profess, and sell any faith or belief.
- Islam originated in Arabia across the seventh century AD. The Arabic time period Islam method give up to God.
- Hinduism is one in every of her oldest religions in India. The majority of the populace continues, however its foundation isn't because of the prophets or founders.
- Jainism is a faith primarily based totally entirely on moral conduct.
- Buddhism is known as a commonplace faith.
- Gender as a demographic variable is an essential element of understanding the development and social progress of a country
- The sex ratio of a child is defined as the number of women in her 0-6 age group per 1,000 men in the population.
- The sex ratio has been declining since the first census conducted in 1901, and has become clearer since independence (the incidence of slight increases is rare).
- Decreased sex ratios in children are a socio-economic problem, but the immediate cause is arguably the improper use of medical techniques such as pre-pregnancy and prenatal testing techniques (also known as sex-determining tests).
- The future consequences of this issue are already beginning to appear in the rise of crime and violence against women such as trafficking, rape and sexual abuse.
- Welfare systems for women's empowerment should be combined with changing attitudes towards girls and strict enforcement of the law.
- The caste gadget may be described as a social shape consistent with the elegance decided via way of means of beginning.
- The social elegance that classifies human beings into one of a kind corporations known as "castes" is normally primarily based totally on a own circle of relatives tree.
- Being born in a selected social class in addition determines someone's manner of life, social habits and paintings opportunities.
- The concept of purity and pollution has led to some atrocities in the hierarchy against the bottom layer. Shudra and Atishdra (untouchables) faced.
Language is not just a tool of communication, but a means of communicating and spreading culture for generations. Indian society is where some languages were born. In fact, the main reason India was divided into her 25 states (now 28) was language and linguistic diversity. Consistent with the Indian Language Survey, India has about 179 languages and more than 1652 dialects. However, after the 1961 census, only the languages or dialects spoken by a population of 10,000 or more were recognized and recorded for the purpose of smooth data collection, after which the number has now decreased to 115 languages.
Indian languages are often divided into three major groups based on their origin. They are:
a) Indo-Aryan Language – Covers almost 72% of India's population. Includes Hindi, Marathi, Gujarati, Bengali, Odia, Sindhi, Punjabi, Bihari, Rajastan, Assamese, Kashmiri and Sanskrit. The majority of the population in the current group lives in the northern, western, central and eastern parts of India.
b) Dravidian-Population from southern India belongs to the current group. The main languages are Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam. Twenty-five percent of India's population uses these languages.
c) Indo-European-English, French and Portuguese are the languages spoken in parts of India due to their colonial history. English is widely accepted as one of the official languages of communication and education. The small areas of Goa, Diu, Daman and Pondicherry are made up of French or Portuguese-speaking individuals.
Linguistic diversity:
India is correctly described as a multilingual country, a country with many languages. According to linguistic studies, there was little movement of people if transportation was not well developed. Therefore, the community confined to a small area spoke its own dialect. And these were spoken in a radius of 7-8 kilometers. So today, in addition to the 18 planned languages, there are 1,572 languages and dialects, each spoken by less than 1,00,000 speakers. Until recently, the Indian census only collected statistics for the native language, giving the wrong impression of the actual number of speakers in any language.
The fact of the matter is that many people speak multiple languages. There are also examples of people who do not speak their native language but who speak other languages in the area where they settled. However, it is important to note that no state in the Indian Union is a single language in terms of native language. And in most states, Hindi numbers in the top three languages were returned as their mother tongue.
In the 1991 census, Hindi was the most prominent native language, spoken by 39.85 percent of people. Adding Urdu uses a different script, but the grammar is the same and is generally understood, so the percentage is 44.98. Indeed, the number of speakers in this language is much higher than this percentage, which consists solely of those who have reported Hindi or Urdu as their mother tongue.
Table 1 shows the comparative strength of scheduled languages in terms of the language returned as their mother tongue.
The table is spoken by more than 1 million people in each of the remaining 17 languages, with the exception of Sanskrit, which is reported to be the native language of less than 50,000 people, with 1.27 million Meitei and 3 Hindi. Shows that it is being spoken by 337 million people. According to the 1991 census. Assuming the same percentage of people reporting Hindi as their mother tongue in a recent 2001 census, that number would reach 410 million.
The table does not show the number of people who consider English to be their mother tongue. But we all know that most educated people in India have a fair knowledge of English. An accurate picture of India's language profile can only be obtained if there is data on the number of languages spoken by each individual.
In such statistics, the number of Hindi-speaking people is much higher than the native language statistics shown in the table above. However, even these data reflect the diversity of Indian languages.
In addition, each of these 18 languages has a wealth of literature. There are some Indian writers who have gained international fame by writing in English not only fiction but also technical subjects. It should be mentioned that linguistic diversity is found in each state of the Dominion of India. It is true that the states were reorganized based on language after India's independence, but such reorganization did not erase the multilingualism of individual states.
Eighth date and official language:
The Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India lists 22 languages. The post-independence Indian Constitution contained 15 languages. However, the 71st Amendment in 1992 and the 92nd Amendment in 2003 added seven more languages, bringing the total to 22.
Table 1.3 Languages in 8th schedule of Indian Constitution
Language | % of population using it as mothertongue |
Hindi. | 41.03 |
Bengali | 8.11 |
Telegu | 7.19 |
Marathi | 6.99 |
Tamil | 5.91 |
Urdu | 5.01 |
Gujarati | 4.48 |
Kannada | 3.69 |
Malayalam | 3.21 |
Oriya | 3.21 |
Punjabi | 2.83 |
Assamese | 1.28 |
Maithili | 1.18 |
Santhali | 0.63 |
Kashmiri | 0.54 |
Nepali | 0.28 |
Sindhi | 0.25 |
Konkani | 0.24 |
Dogri | 0.22 |
Manipuri | 0.14 |
Bodo | 0.13 |
Sanskrit | N |
(Source: Census of India 2001)
Key takeaways:
- Language is not just a tool of communication, but a means of communicating and spreading culture for generations
- Indo-Aryan Language– Covers almost 72% of India's population. Includes Hindi, Marathi, Gujarati, Bengali, Odia, Sindhi, Punjabi, Bihari, Rajastan, Assamese, Kashmiri and Sanskrit.
- The Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India lists 22 languages. According to the 2001 census, 41.03% of the population speaks Hindi. Similarly, at the state level, each state's language and English are accepted as a means of communication.
- According to linguistic studies, there was little movement of people if transportation was not well developed
- The fact of the matter is that many people speak multiple languages
- In the 1991 census, Hindi was the most prominent native language, spoken by 39.85 percent of people. Adding Urdu uses a different script, but the grammar is
- In addition, each of these 18 languages has a wealth of literature
Regions are defined as territories to which inhabitants are emotionally connected due to various forces and factors such as common language, beliefs, customs, and customary socio-economic and political stages of development. India has a large geographical area, socio-cultural diversity, and is divided into 28 states and her 7 Union Territories. Although the formation is primarily based on the idea of language, physical characteristics, socio-economic conditions and cultural aspects also give a clear identity to all parts of India.
70% of the population belongs to rural areas, 28�longs to urban areas, and a small part of the population, about 2%, lives in remote tribal areas. The tribal population is identified by the first settlers or inhabitants who live in remote areas of forests and mountains, also known as Adivasis or EdgeJumper. Rural areas are mainly agricultural areas with a small population. All urban areas are home to businesses, municipalities and counties, with a minimum of 75% of the population engaged in non-agricultural activities and a population density of at least 4000 per square kilometer. ..
There are several factors that indicate regional differences between urban and rural areas. Significant differences in literacy rate, poverty and poverty nature, occupational nature and per capita income, unemployment type, economic and social infrastructure development rate, gender ratio and girl labor participation, media exposure, etc. there is. Based on these assumptions, the characteristics and problems of each region are described below.
Characteristics and problems of rural areas:
- Caste system and communal family system-The limits that underpin the rigidity, cleanliness and pollution of the caste system are essential rules of the rural social environment. An individual's status is set by birth in a particular caste and is not a situation in which an individual can climb a social status. Similarly, the joint family system strengthens patriarchy and patriarchal social organizations.
- Literacy rate-Due to traditional thinking and customs and the home of blind beliefs, local literacy rates are always less than 50% in most regions. This often leads to unemployment and poverty.
- Occupation-Agriculture is the backbone of the rural economy. However, reliance on monsoons and primitive technologies limits rural expansion and yields per hectare.
- Unemployment-There are seasonal and disguised unemployment due to the seasonal nature of agriculture and uneconomical land ownership.
- Low media exposure —— Due to poverty and high illiteracy rates, exposure to print and audiovisual media is very low.
Urban characteristics and challenges:
- Population Density-Her four metropolises in Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata and Chennai are the most densely populated, alongside some other cities.
- Literacy rate-Urban literacy rates often exceed 70%, which is usually above the national average.
- Occupation-Urban populations typically engage in secondary (industry) or service sectors such as banking, insurance, education and health.
- Umemployment — Despite the abundance of employment opportunities, high population density, computerization of the service sector and closure of the industrial sector lead to educated unemployment and layoffs.
- Pollution and lack of public health — High population densities create slum eruptions, lack of infrastructure and urban hygiene and pollution problems.
Indian tribal variations can be incredibly intimate and complex. Therefore, it is not possible to accurately classify them into different groups based solely on their cultural characteristics. However, given that many Indian tribes are not nomads in nature, many live in forest areas or clusters of villages near forests. Therefore, it is possible to attempt zoning based on regional grouping, or more accurately, the geographical distribution of Indian tribes.
Classification of S. Guha
In his book Tribal India, Nadeem Hasnain refers to the geographical distribution of Indian tribes drawn from observations by anthropologist B. S. Guha. Guha provided a theoretical system for classification based on the geographical distribution of Indian tribes. Guha categorized the geographical distribution of Indian tribes into three broad zones –
- North and northeast zones.
- Central zone. And
- Southern zone
- According to Guha, the eastern frontier hills and sub-Himalayan region of India make up the north and northeast zones. This classification also includes tribal people from Tripla, Assam, and Manipur in the eastern part of the zone, as well as tribal communities in eastern Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, northern Uttar Pradesh, and eastern Punjab in the north. The zone is home to many tribal groups, including many subsections of the Naga people living around Nagaland, Tharu in Uttar Pradesh, and the Lepchas in Sikkim. In large areas, the population density is not as high as in other parts of India. Given the geographical characteristics of the region, most of the tribes here are engaged in terrace or slash-and-burn cultivation and face economic downturn.
- The central zone, also known as the middle zone, consists of mountainous areas and plateaus up to the Ganges Plain in the north and the Krishna River in the south. This zone is also separated from the northeastern zone by the space between Garo Hill and Rajimahar Hill. The tribal groups in this zone come primarily from Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Orissa, as well as the tribal communities of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, northern Maharashtra and southern Rajasthan. Some important tribal groups in this zone include Gondi, Bill, Kondobumuji, Biya, Santar and Munda. Most tribes in the area cultivate slash-and-burn, but some tribes such as Santar, Gondi, Munda, and Oraon employ cultivation to interact with local rural residents.
- The Southern Zone is south of the Krishna River from Winard to Cape Comorin. The tribal community is part of Andhra Pradesh, Travancoa, Kodagu, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Cochin. Tribal groups living in this zone include Toda, Elba, Centu, Panyan, Irura and Kurumba. Primitive tribes such as Kadar, Malbadan, Kanicker and Malaklavan are jungles along the travan core and Cochin range and are one of the most economically backward communities in the world. Most tribes in this zone collect food by hunting and fishing, with the exception of some tribes such as the Kota, Badagas, and Toda.
Hasnain states that Guha excluded tribes living in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in his system of classifying the geographical distribution of Indian tribes. Hasnine includes the tribes that live in these areas as the fourth zone of tribal groups such as Jarawas, Onge, Andaman, Nikobari, and Sentinel (Hasnine, 1999). Apart from tribal classification based on the geographical distribution of Indian tribes, tribal groups are classified based on the level of linguistic, racial, economic or occupational characteristics, local city groups and cultural distance from religion. Can also be based. Belief. However, with such classifications, some ambiguity can appear in some tribal categories, and in many cases clear demarcation is not always possible.
1. Definite Common Topography:
Tribal humans stay in clean terrain and are a not unusual place region for all individuals of a selected tribe that occupy the region.
Without a not unusual place however clean region of lifestyles, tribes could lose different traits of tribal lifestyles, including not unusual place language, lifestyle, and network sentiment.
2. A feel of solidarity:
A institution that lives in a selected region and makes use of that region as a condo can not be known as a tribe with out a feel of solidarity. A feel of solidarity is an quintessential a part of authentic tribal lifestyles. The very life of the tribe relies upon at the feel of solidarity of the tribe at some point of peace and war.
3. Endogamy institution:
Tribal humans typically do now no longer marry outdoor the tribe, and marriage in the tribe is quite valued and admired. However, the approaching effect of extrade following mobility has additionally modified tribal attitudes, and tribal marriages are actually turning into an increasing number of not unusualplace.
4. General dialect:
Tribal individuals trade perspectives in a not unusualplace dialect. This detail similarly strengthens their feel of solidarity.
5. Blood dating:
Blood ties are the best bond and the maximum effective pressure that instills a feel of solidarity among tribes.
6. Consciousness of safety:
Tribal humans usually want invasion and safety from invasion, which establishes a unmarried political authority and offers all authority to this authority. Tribal safety is left to the talent and spirit of individuals who revel in political authority. In the occasion of an unexpected situation, the tribal leader might be assisted with the aid of using the tribal committee. The tribe is split into numerous small groups, every institution headed with the aid of using its personal leader. The institution leader will act in keeping with the commands acquired from the tribal leader.
7. Clear political employer:
Every tribe has its personal political employer that protects the pursuits of the humans of the tribe. All political authority is withinside the palms of the tribal leader. In a few tribes, tribal committees exist to assist tribal chiefs carry out their capabilities for the gain of the tribe.
8. Common lifestyle:
A not unusualplace tribe lifestyle comes from a feel of solidarity, a not unusualplace language, a not unusualplace religion, and a not unusualplace political employer. A not unusualplace lifestyle creates a homogeneous lifestyles among tribes.
9. Importance of kinship:
Relatives shape the premise of tribal social agencies. Most tribes are divided into exogamy clans and pedigrees. Marriage among tribes is primarily based totally at the guidelines of endogamy. Marriage is taken into consideration a settlement and does now no longer restrict divorce or remarriage.
10. Egalitarian values:
Tribal social agencies are primarily based totally at the precept of egalitarianism. Therefore, there may be no institutionalized inequality including caste gadget or gender-primarily based totally inequality. In this way, women and men loved identical fame and freedom. However, a few diploma of social inequality may be visible with inside the case of tribal chiefs and tribal kings who revel in better social fame, exercising political power, and own wealth.
Tribes accept as true with in positive myths and rudimentary forms of religions.
In addition, they accept as true with that totems imply items which have a mysterious dating with tribal individuals.
Robert Goode cites the subsequent traits of tribal humans:
(a) Geographical or semi-isolated.
(b) The country wide society is illiterate or in part educated.
(c) Being in large part or absolutely unbiased of the country's financial gadget.
(d) Ethnic traits from the country wide network.
(e) An financial basis this is strongly depending on a selected environment.
(f) There is leadership, however not anything on behalf of the country, and few, if any, political rights.
Key takeaways:
- Regions are defined as territories to which inhabitants are emotionally connected due to various forces and factors such as common language, beliefs, customs, and customary socio-economic and political stages of development.
- 70% of the population belongs to rural areas, 28�longs to urban areas, and a small part of the population, about 2%, lives in remote tribal areas.
- There are several factors that indicate regional differences between urban and rural areas. Significant differences in literacy rate, poverty and poverty nature,
- Tribal humans stay in clean terrain and are a not unusualplace region for all individuals of a selected tribe that occupy the region.
- A institution that lives in a selected region and makes use of that region as a condo cannot be known as a tribe without a feel of solidarity.
- A feel of solidarity is an quintessential a part of authentic tribal lifestyles.
- A not unusualplace tribe lifestyle comes from a feel of solidarity, a not unusualplace language, a not unusualplace religion, and a not unusualplace political employer.
- The country wide society is illiterate or in part educated.
- Due to traditional thinking and customs and the home of blind beliefs, local literacy rates are always less than 50% in most regions.
- There are seasonal and disguised unemployment due to the seasonal nature of agriculture and uneconomical land ownership.
- High population densities create slum eruptions, lack of infrastructure and urban hygiene and pollution problems.
Understand diversity
The wide range we find inside and outside of us is known as diversity. To understand diversity, let's take our Mother Earth as an example. There are many different types of plants, animals, rivers, trees, birds, flowers and more.
In India, diversity can be found in many things, including religion, language, food, clothing, race, and tribe. An important aspect of understanding diversity is the variety of religious and cultural backgrounds. However, there are certain programs that regulate children in poor families to study in public schools, such as the right to education (RTE). This has helped reduce the level of economic inequality in education.
Within different human social groups, different activities are carried out according to culture, skills, geographical location, interests and understanding. However, with the advent of globalization, the interdependence of various social groups has increased.
Indian diversity
Understand the diversity that exists in India with the help of two very different states, Ladakh and Kerala.
Ladakh
Ladakh is located in the mountainous region of the northeastern part of Jammu and Kashmir. Agriculture is almost impossible in this desert area. This is due to low rainfall and usually covered with snow. Even for drinking water, we have to rely on the melting water from the mountains during the summer.
In Ladakh, people raise sheep and wool. The wool obtained here is very special and expensive. It is known as pashmina wool. Radakis carefully collects this wool and sells it to local merchants. Pashmina shawls are woven in Kashmir.
Here people eat meat and dairy products. Every family has cows, goats, and zo (yak cows). Although Ladakh is a desert, it attracts many traders and has many passes such as Tibet. The caravans here trade wool, spices, raw silk and textiles.
In Ladakh, Buddhism came via Tibet. For this reason, the city is also known as Little Tibet. About 400 years ago, Islam was introduced in the area. A local version of the Tibetan national epic "Kesarsaga" is sung by both Muslims and Buddhists.
Kerala
Kerala is located in the southwestern part of India. One side is surrounded by the sea and the other side is surrounded by hills. Many spices are growing here. It is these spices that make Kerala so popular among traders. Jews and Arabs first came here.
About 2000 years ago, St. Thomas, the apostle of Christ, came here. It was thanks to him that Christianity came to India. Until 700 years ago, Ibn Battuta also traveled to Kerala. He wrote a travelogue describing Muslims as a highly respected community. Vasco da Gama first landed here when the Portuguese were discovering a route from Europe to India. It is because of all these historical influences that Kerala practices diverse religious groups.
In Kerala, the fishing nets used are exactly the same as those in China and are called Cinabara. The tool used for deep-fried food is called Cina Chatty. Overall, the word Cina was used to describe what might have come from China. The land of Kerala is fertile and suitable for growing a variety of crops. People here mainly eat rice, fish and vegetables.
One of the most ancient civilizations, India has always been an apt example of the concept of diversity. A group of28 states and seven union territories, each having varied characteristics in terms of language, culture, attire, customs and social practices the differences extend further to deities and sorts of worship, climate, geographical characteristics and historical backgrounds. Hence ‘diversity’ is to be understood as ‘difference’.
The true understanding of diversity however should be in a positive sense as an appreciation of differences. It recognizes the different backgrounds that individuals come from and draws from the influences to make stronger bonds and achieve what's best for the society as a whole. Unfortunately in India there are instances of those differences being exploited by groups with vested interests to push groupism and hatred resulting into social tension and riots the sensation of nationalism has been endangered and to preserve it, these differences got to be resolved peacefully.
Types of Diversity
Below is a list of the different types of diversity in the workplace.
- Cultural diversity,
- Racial diversity,
- Religious diversity,
- Age diversity,
- Gender / Gender Diversity,
- Sexual orientation,
- Handicapped.
The breakdown of these forms of diversity is as follows:
- Cultural diversity
This kind of diversity is related to each person's ethnicity and is usually a set of norms derived from the values of the society and family in which we grew up. In multinational companies, it is more common to have different cultures in the workplace.
b. Racial diversity
Race is associated with grouping of people based on physical characteristics (despite the predominant scientific view that race is a social component and not biologically defined). Examples of races are Caucasian, African, Latino, and Asian.
c. Religious diversity
This kind of diversity refers to the existence of multiple religions and spiritual beliefs (including their lack) in the workplace.
d. Age diversity
Age diversity means working with people of different ages, and most importantly, generations. For example, millennials, GenZers, and GenXers can coexist in the same workplace.
e. Gender / Gender / Sexual Orientation
Gender and gender can be used in the traditional sense of male and female employees. For example, you may hear the term "gender balance" used by companies trying to achieve a balance of 50-50 between employees identified as male and employees identified as female. However, as gender is increasingly redefined, the term "gender diversity" may become more appropriate because there are multiple variations in gender and sexual orientation.
f. Handicapped
It includes a wide variety of disorders and chronic illnesses, from mental to physical. Companies often make reasonable accommodations to help people with disabilities integrate into the workplace, such as installing slopes for wheelchairs and providing mental health support. Some companies are coordinating the hiring process to ensure it is comprehensive.
Why is diversity important?
Diversity business cases have been thoroughly explained for years. If all team members have the same background, attributes, or perspective, their team may not be as creative and successful as they can. Homogeneity robs the team of healthy conflicts that bring innovation and progress.
How do you enjoy the benefits of diversity? It begins by removing harmful prejudices when making employment decisions.
Key takeaways:
- The wide range we find inside and outside of us is known as diversity.
- In India, diversity can be found in many things, including religion, language, food, clothing, race, and tribe.
- Understand the diversity that exists in India with the help of two very different states, Ladakh and Kerala.
- Ladakh is located in the mountainous region of the north-eastern part of Jammu and Kashmir.
- In Ladakh, Buddhism came via Tibet. For this reason, the city is also known as Little Tibet.
- Kerala is located in the south-western part of India.
- In Kerala, the fishing nets used are exactly the same as those in China and are called Cinabara.
- The true understanding of diversity however should be in a positive sense as an appreciation of differences.
- Unfortunately in India there are instances of those differences being exploited by groups with vested interests to push groupism and hatred resulting into social tension and riots the sensation of nationalism has been endangered and to preserve it, these differences got to be resolved peacefully.
- The tool used for deep-fried food is called Cina Chatty. Overall, the word Cina was used to describe what might have come from China.
- Below is a list of the different types of diversity in the workplace.
- Cultural diversity,
- Racial diversity,
- Religious diversity,
- Age diversity,
- Gender / Gender Diversity,
- Sexual orientation,
- Handicapped,
12. Diversity business cases have been thoroughly explained for years,
13. Homogeneity robs the team of healthy conflicts that bring innovation and progress.
Reference:
- Http://studylecturenotes.com/characteristics-of-rural-and-urban-community/
- Https://www.coursehero.com/file/11888864/Chapter-26/
- Https://www.lawyersclubindia.com/articles/Pluralism-The-power-of-India-9641.asp
- Https://www.qcc.cuny.edu/diversity/definition.html
- Https://resources.workable.com/hr-terms/the-types-of-diversity