Unit III
Populations and Emerging Issues of Development
Population growth
The rapid increase in population is mainly the result of increased food supply. The beginning of agriculture and therefore the domestication of animals marked the primary step for humankind to a civilized society. From the birth of Christ to 1800 AD, agricultural technology was refined and population growth was limited by the expansion of agriculture into forested lands.
Meanwhile, high mortality rates from hunger, illness and war since the 18th century have limited the population, and vaccinations, antibodies and pesticides have mitigated the existence of high mortality rates. The population has increased dramatically during.
Population growth estimates that he will have 8.2 billion in 2025 and he will exceed 10 billion by 2025.
Rapid population growth in certain countries, including India, does not mean that resources are unlimited. It is the remarkable advances in medicine and technology that have significantly reduced human mortality.
Habitats cannot support a population that exceeds certain limits. When the population exceeds its limits, limited resources adversely affect the population through increased mortality and lower fertility rates, ultimately leading to lower population densities. The maximum number of people the environment can support and maintain is called carrying capacity.
As the population grows, competition for available space and food becomes fierce, which impacts population growth.
Population fluctuations between countries
The distribution of the world's population density shows that most of the land surface is sparse or moderately dense, while some limited areas are densely populated. Densely populated areas include Western Europe, the Indian subcontinent, the plains and river valleys of China, and the north eastern United States. People are also concentrated in relatively small areas such as the Nile basin in Egypt, Java Island in Indonesia, and the southern part of Japan.
From a continental and national point of view, the world's population is very unbalanced. More than half of the world's population (about 3.7 billion people) lives in Asia, which is only one-fifth of the world's land area. North America, Central America and South America together occupy more than a quarter of the country, but have a population of only one-fifth (1.3 billion). The continent of Africa also occupies a quarter of the land area, but only a little over one-eighth of the world's population (840 million people). On the other hand, Europe, which is only one-fifth of the total area, is home to about one-ninth (729 million people) of the world.
The distribution within the continent is also uneven. In Asia, China alone, with approximately 1.29 billion people, accounts for one-third of Asia and one-fifth of the world's population. There are an additional 1.3 billion people on the Indian subcontinent. India has her 1.05 billion people. Pakistan, 143.5 million people. Bangladesh, 133.6 million. Nepal, 23.9 million people. Sri Lanka, 18.9 million; Bhutan, 900,000; and Maldives, 300,000. Even in Europe, the population is evenly dispersed. Compared to other European countries, far fewer people live in Northern European countries. The most populous countries in Europe are Russia (143.5 million), Germany (82.4 million), the United Kingdom (60.2 million) and France (59.5 million). Italy (58.1 million), Ukraine (48.2 million), Spain (41.3 million), Poland (38.6 million). In Africa and the United States, most people are very thinly spread across the land, leaving vast areas such as northern Canada, the south western United States, the Sahara Desert, and Amazon forests virtually uninhabited.
Factors discouraging settlement
1. Origin of Settlements:
The exact reason why the settlement was formed is unknown. The event is a mystery because it happened before the recorded history. There is only reasonable speculation as to where and why permanent settlement began.
Before the plants were domesticated and the settlements were established, humans were nomads, wandering across the land in search of food and water. Food was obtained by collecting wild fruits and roots or by killing wild animals.
Historians and cultural anthropologists give some explanations for the development of human settlements.
The main reasons for its establishment are religious, cultural, military, political and economic. This section briefly describes these factors.
2. Religious
The first permanent settlement may have served a religious purpose, especially as a place to bury the dead. After all, what is more permanent than a grave?
Nomads may have had a memorial service for the dead, probably on the anniversary of their death.
After establishing a permanent resting place for the dead, the tribes would have placed priests there to perform proper rituals. After that, the place of worship (temple) became the center of attraction and the development of the settlement.
3. Culture:
The settlement also served as a place to house women and children, which could have allowed men to wander further in search of food. Women used materials collected by men to make household items such as pots, baskets, clothes, and other household items.
4. Politics / Military
Priests, teachers, women and children were vulnerable to attacks from other tribes. Young people (soldiers) were stationed in the village to protect them.
The settlement was also the hub of political leaders who needed a strategic place to protect the tribal land claims.
The settlements needed adequate protection because military and religious leaders lived there. How can I best protect my settlement?
The answer was to build a surrounding wall that was strong enough to withstand the attack. In this way, the settlement became the center of a military fortress.
5. Economical:
Religious, military and political leaders and their dependents needed food supplied by the tribes through hunting and gathering.
Someone finally wondered why they shouldn't bring extras during difficult times such as droughts, floods and wars, as long as the tribes are collecting surplus food for the people of the settlement.
In this way, the settlement has gained an economic role in storing excess food. People were able to bring in the goods they had collected in the village.
Villages can serve as a neutral foundation for a variety of people who can be together and engage in socio-economic activities.
6. Place of residence:
The location, growth and development of human settlements are closely influenced by available soil, water, forests and mineral resources.
Depending on the nature and quality of the resource, the settlement may be temporary or permanent and may gain status from a rural settlement to an urban settlement.
7. Unstable payments:
The physical environment that determines the location of the settlement
1. Water supply – Water is essential for human survival and agricultural activities.
2. Relief – The availability of large, flat lands such as floodplains facilitates agricultural activity.
3. Soil-Soil fertility is another consideration for agricultural activity
4. Shelter-Protected from natural elements. Highlands exposed to strong winds in harsh cold climates are suitable for settlement.
5. Defense – Threats from enemies and predatory animals have led people to live together for protection.
Villages are places where people live and interact through activities such as agriculture, trade and entertainment.
Settlement in geography helps us understand the relationship between humans and the environment.
Rural settlements are communities primarily involved in major activities such as agriculture, lumber and mining.
Urban settlements are primarily engaged in secondary and tertiary activities such as food processing and banking.
There is often a correlation between function, population size, and population density. Rural settlements tend to have a small population and a low population density. Urban settlements are often large and densely populated.
Site factors for payment
Urban growth
As the urban population grows, so does the size and number of towns and cities. Rapid urbanization in developed and developing countries has caused many urban problems due to the significant increase in the number of urban inhabitants.
The problem is
1. Housing-I don't have a house and can't afford to buy a suitable one. Pioneering illegal occupation.
2. Water supply-Insufficient water supply due to demand for water supply and poor plumbing system.
3. Transportation-Too many cars in major cities. Poor public transport.
4. Pollution-Household and industrial waste is a source of soil pollution in urban areas.
8. Stable rural settlements:
The settlements where most people are engaged in agriculture, forestry, mining and fishing are known as rural settlements.
Rural settlements are often referred to as agricultural workshops. It cannot be separated from the land on which it guarantees use.
Its type, shape and pattern depend on the type of work, farming method and soil usage.
Most of the world's rural settlements are stable and permanent.
Factors that promote settlement
- Physical environment
One of the most basic factors influencing habitation patterns is the physical geography of the land. Climate is important. Too dry, too cold, or too hot can make it difficult for many people to settle there, especially if they make a living from agriculture. The land itself is also important, as some types of soil are more suitable for agriculture than others or support different types of crops. Modern transportation allows people to live far away from food-producing areas, but humid and warm climates are more densely populated than very dry or very cold areas.
b. Transportation system
Settlement patterns have always been influenced by the technologies available to settlers, especially the means of transportation. In the past, when ships were the best way to carry goods and people, most of the major settlements were next to the sea or rivers. In fact, the world's largest cities today are still located by the water, but transportation technology has made them more densely populated inland. In the 1800s, settlements emerged alongside newly constructed railroads in the western United States and elsewhere in the world, and highways and roads today form an even greater element.
c. Financial concerns
Often, the economy seeks opportunities for settlers in new locations, creating their own settlements or expanding existing settlements. Historically, pioneers came in search of a place to start a farm and later in the city in search of a job. If the local economy collapses, more people could be driven into cities. Immigrants are more likely to settle in the suburbs than in the center of the city, as jobs may move from the city to the suburbs.
d. Government policy
Government land policies can also have a lasting impact on settlement patterns. Today, many city governments control the expansion of settlements by enforcing zoning rules that allow people to live in only some areas. Similarly, as the United States and Canada expanded westward across North America, they each enacted rules that allowed settlers to claim land for their farms. The vast land was divided into grids of square plots on the official map, resulting in checkerboards of square fields, straight roads, county borders, and state borders in many of the Great Plains. This top-down settlement Policies often destroyed the settlement patterns and lives of Native Americans who already lived there.
Explosive growth in population
Rapid population growth is perhaps the most obvious factor affecting current and future development of countries and regions, but it is not the only population problem in the world today. The main problem is the "population explosion" problem.
Population explosion does not mean overpopulation or population density. In fact, overpopulation and population density are not major issues. The problem arises when economic development is not keeping up with population growth. Therefore, the most important factor regarding population is how fast the population is growing. And most importantly, where it grows. For example, Japan is a country with a high population density, but it ranks first in the Human Development Index formulated by the United Nations Development Program. On the other hand, in less densely populated areas such as Africa and South America, the existing population cannot be supported. Therefore, the size, distribution, and structure of a country's population must be viewed in relation to the country's natural resources and the production technology used by that population. The extent to which they are used and the way they are used determine whether the region / country is overpopulated or underpopulated and therefore witnesses a population explosion. A country is said to have an "optimum population" as long as the country's available resources and population are balanced. A country where the process of industrialization with urbanization is not fast and education is not widespread is a serious situation called population explosion.
Impact of population explosion
The effects of the population explosion are numerous and widespread. Some of them are listed as follows:
- Population reduces capital formation:
In developing countries, the composition of the population is determined to increase capital formation. Due to the high birth rate and short life expectancy in these countries, the proportion of dependents is very high. Almost 40-50% of the population belongs to the unproductive age group, which simply consumes and produces nothing.
In developed countries, rapid population growth reduces per capita capital and reduces labor productivity. As a result, their income is reduced, their savings capacity is reduced, and their capital formation is adversely affected.
2. The higher the population ratio, the more investment is required:
In economically underdeveloped countries, investment requirements exceed their investment capacity. Rapid population growth increases the need for investment in vital statistics and at the same time reduces people's ability to save.
This creates a serious imbalance between investment requirements and the availability of investable funds. Therefore, the amount of such investment is determined by the rate of population growth in the economy. Some economists estimate that if the population grows at an annual rate of 1%, he will have to invest 2% to 5% of national income to maintain the current level of per capita income. ..
In these countries, the population is growing at an annual rate of about 2.5%, from 5% to 12.5% of national income, so the entire investment is absorbed by vital investment, leaving nothing for economic development. Hmm. These factors are the main causes of such economic stagnation.
3. Per capita capital availability is reduced.
Due to the large population, the availability of per capita capital is also reduced in developing countries. This is true for developing countries where capital is scarce and their supply is inelastic. As the population grows rapidly, the available capital per worker gradually diminishes. This leads to further reduced productivity and diminishing returns.
4. Adverse effects per capital income:
The rapid growth of the population has a direct impact on per capita income in the economy. Up to the "income optimization level", population growth increases per capita income, but above that it inevitably decreases as well. In a sense, as long as the rate of population growth is lower than the per capita income, the rate of economic growth will increase, but if the rate of population growth exceeds the rate of economic growth, it is usually seen in developing countries. Must fall.
5. Large population causes unemployment problems:
The rapid increase in population means that a large number of people who may not be able to provide employment come to the labor market. In fact, the number of job seekers in developing countries is growing so rapidly that despite all efforts towards planned development, it has not been possible to provide employment to all. Unemployment, underemployment and camouflaged employment are common features of these countries. Due to the rapid population growth, it is almost impossible for underdeveloped countries to solve the unemployment problem economically.
6. Rapid population growth causes food problems:
Increasing population means more mouths to eat, which puts pressure on the inventory of available food. As a result, food shortages are generally a problem in developing countries, where the population is growing rapidly. Despite all efforts to increase agricultural production, they are unable to support an increasing population.
Food shortages affect economic development in two ways. First, inadequate food supply leads to malnutrition and reduced productivity. It further reduces the productivity of workers. Second, food shortages force the import of food grains and put an unnecessary burden on their foreign currency resources.
7. Population and Agriculture:
In developing countries, the majority of the population lives and agriculture is the mainstay. Rural population growth is relatively high, which disrupts the land population ratio. In addition, the number of landless workers has increased significantly, followed by lower wages, which has exacerbated the problem of camouflaged unemployment and reduced per capita produce in such countries.
Due to the low productivity of the farm, the propensity to save and invest is declining. As a result, these economies are hit hard by the lack of improved agricultural technology and ultimately fall victim to the vicious cycle of poverty. Therefore, the process of agriculture and overall development.
8. Population and vicious circle in poverty:
The rapid increase in population is a major cause of the perpetuation of the vicious cycle of poverty in developing countries. Due to the rapid growth of the population, people need to spend most of their income on raising children.
Therefore, savings and capital formation rates remain low, per capita income declines, and rising general price levels lead to a sharp rise in living expenses. No progress in agriculture or industrial technology has been seen, such as lack of daily necessities, low standard of living, and mass unemployment. As a result, the economies of developing countries as a whole are in a vicious cycle of poverty.
9. Reduced labor efficiency:
The labor force in the economy is the ratio of the working population to the total population. Assuming that he has a life expectancy of 50 in developing countries, the workforce is equivalent to the number of people in her 15 to 50 age group. Vital transitions mean a relatively small population due to high birth rates and low mortality rates, a large proportion of the younger age group aged 1 to 15 years in the total population, and a small labor force.. Participate in productive employment.
In order to survive the demographic transition, it is essential for developing countries to reduce their fertility rates. In this way, we can conclude that the labor force is increasing as the population grows.
10. Rapid population decline causes social infrastructure to decline:
The welfare state of India is promised to properly meet the social needs of its people, which requires the government to spend much on providing basic facilities such as education, housing and medical assistance. However, due to the rapid population growth, the burden is getting heavier.
11. Adverse effects on the environment:
Rapid population growth leads to changes in the environment. Due to the rapid population growth, the number of unemployed men and women is growing at an alarming rate. This has pushed many to ecologically sensitive areas such as hillsides and tropical forests. It leads to deforestation for cultivation and causes some environmental changes. In addition to all of this, increasing population growth will lead to migration to many urban areas due to industrialization. This pollutes the air, water, noise and population of big cities and towns.
12. Obstacles to independence:
Excessive population growth is an obstacle to achieving independence and dependence, as it requires important and more food to meet the needs of the growing millions of people, while creating export surpluses. Significantly reduce. Due to the decrease in exports, imports could not be paid and we had to rely on foreign aid. Therefore, the goal of independence cannot be achieved without controlling the population.
13. Agricultural development decline trend:
In developing countries, most people live in rural areas, their main occupation is agriculture, and as the population grows, the land-to-population ratio is disrupted. In our country, the availability of cultivated land per capita decreased from 1.1 acres in 1911 to 0.6 acres in 1971. Due to the small amount of land owned, it is not possible to adopt the latest irrigation and mechanization technologies.
This also leads to camouflaged unemployment and underemployment in the agricultural sector. It leads to congestion and also reduces the land available for construction of agriculture, homes, factories, hospitals, shopping centers, educational institutions, roads, railroad tracks, etc. Therefore, population growth slows the development of agriculture and other Causes many problems ..
14. Population growth lowers standard of living:
The standard of living is determined by the per capita income. The factors that influence per capita income associated with population growth apply to living standards as well. Population growth leads to increased demand for food, clothing, housing, etc., but the lack of cooperating factors such as raw materials, skilled labor and capital cannot increase their supply.
To overcome this problem of population explosion, we need a sound population policy with the following objectives.
1. Rapid economic development and increase in capital income.
2. Significant and significant reductions in fertility rates, which are more fundamental and important than the initial fertility rate, by providing legal and financial motivations such as raising the age of marriage and legalizing abortion.
3. Population planning should include improving the quality of the population by providing better facilities such as education and health, rather than simply aiming to control growth rates.
4. High mortality wastes human energy and resources, so mortality needs to be further reduced.
5. Integration of population planning and economic planning.
Thus, we are facing a critical dimension of population explosion, significantly diluting the remarkable economic developments we have achieved over the last few decades. It is clear that simply waiting for education and economic development to bring about the desired decline in fertility is not a viable solution. The time factor is so imminent and population growth is so formidable that it is necessary for the state to get out of this vicious circle through a direct attack on population issues as a national commitment.
Family Welfare Program, Women and Children Welfare, AIDS
At the International Conference on Population and Development in 1994, international consensus was formed on new policy approaches to achieving population stability. In 1951, India became the first country in the world to launch a family planning program to curb population growth.
The Ministry of Family Welfare has conducted a number of pilot activities to implement family welfare programs to meet the needs of women at risk of unwanted childbirth and has helped accelerate the decline in fertility. In 1997, India changed its national family welfare program strategy to reproductive and child health, and the 9th Five-Year Plan (1997-2002) recommended a complete change in implementation.
Reproductive health is a term that refers to all aspects of women's health from childhood to puberty, reproductive age, menopause, and beyond. It is the integration of maternal health, child health and adolescent health into primary health, which we hope to turn population problems into solutions to population problems.
WHO defines reproductive health within the framework of the definition of health as follows: life. "
Therefore, reproductive health means that: People can live a responsible, satisfying and safe sex life and have the freedom to decide on their fertility and when and how often they reproduce. This definition is informed about safe, effective and affordable methods of pregnancy regulation that men and women have chosen, the right to access them, and the appropriate medical services that enable women to give birth safely. Emphasizes the right to access. Through pregnancy and childbirth, and providing couples with the best chance of having a healthy baby. "
Women's health is important at every stage of their lives. When she gives birth. She passes on the gift of her health to the next generation. Healthy children grow up in healthy adolescence, adolescent health leads to reproductive age health, and a cycle in which healthy pregnant women can give birth to healthy children continues for the next generation. The RCH program contributes significantly to improving the health of women and society as a whole.
Women's empowerment is essential to achieving reproductive health. There is also a need to change social factors that impede women's overall development and rights. Reproductive rights are nationality, class, ethnicity, race, age, religion, disability, sexuality, or such decisions. It means the right of women to decide whether, when and how to have children, regardless of their marriage status in the social, economic and political circumstances that enable them. "
Family Welfare Programmes mainly include:
1. Family planning information, counselling and services to women for healthy reproduction.
2. Education about safe delivery and post-delivery of the mother and the baby and the treatment of women before pregnancy.
3. Health care for infant’s immunization against preventable diseases.
4. Prevention and treatment of sexually and Reproductive Tract infection.
A large number of people suffer from in-silence due to reproductive tract infection and sexually transmitted disease. RTI can cause pregnancy – related complications infertility and chronic pain. They are inflammatory disease and HIV. So an important object of the welfare program is the identification and tract infection.
Nearly 4 out of 10 currently married women in India report at least one reproductive health problem that – could be symptomatic of a more serious reproductive tract infection. The percentage of correctly married women with any reproductive health problem varies from 19 percent in Karnataka to 67 percent in Meghalaya.
Among women who report any reproductive health problem two-thirds have not seen any one for advice or treatment. Less than one third of women who seek advice or treatment for reproductive health problems go to government health professionals. So education regarding reproductive health, safe habits and syndrome treatment are the answer to create healthy mother who in turn will produce a healthy baby.
Keeping in view the issues and problems confronting reproductive and child health, various family welfare programmes have been effectively implemented in every state with a larger prospective intended for population stabilization, reduction of infant and Maternal mortality through integrated Family Welfare services, I.E.C act activities. (Information, Education and Communication activities) Immunization and prophylaxis against Anemia and Vitamin A deficiency of children and mothers with a comprehensive health strategy. It is a people centred programme. Government and community should support this programme.
The basic objective of the Family welfare programme is to stabilize the population and to provide qualitative health services including immunization to both-pregnant mother and children. Since the last 48 years, the Family welfare programme is being implemented in the State with financial assistance of the central Govt.
The family planning programme is not merely intended for population stabilization now but it has much larger perspective in holistic approach towards Reproductive and child health. Services, family planning, Immunization, training etc. comprise a comprehensive health care package. The Family welfare activities are guided as per the policies, guidelines and funding by Govt. Of India.
To ensure qualitative healthy delivery and population control the Reproductive and child Health programme has been implemented in every state with community needs assessment approach. To boost the health care delivery, each State Govt. Has formulated health reforms and implemented the same to give better autonomy to the health institutions.
Demographic Transition Theory
Demographic transition theory 5 stages
There are multiple versions of the theory of demographic transition, also known as the population stage or population cycle. Previously there were his three stages proposed by W.S. Thomson and F.W. Notstein. However, now it is a five-step theory. You come across the very famous term "demographic bonus". It is very important to know about the mortality rate of the country and the birth rate of our economy and society. Demographic transition theory is a cycle that begins with a decline in mortality, goes through a permanent phase of population growth, and ends with a decline in fertility.
Five Stages of Demographic Theory:
Stage 1: This stage involves very high growth in mortality and fertility. The status of the country is backwards, and the majority of people live in the countryside. Society is very simple and the means of economic development are modest. People are underdeveloped, backward, and live in a dirty environment. Facilities such as banks, modern education, transportation and commerce are not even in the early stages of development. Birth rates are very high because people are not educated on how to control the population. A family with many children is considered a wealthy family. Birth rates are uncontrollable due to illiteracy, ignorance, and various misconceptions. Due to the large population but scarce resources, food availability is very low and mortality is high. Population growth is almost in equilibrium. These economic and social factors are delaying the standard of living.
Stage 2: After an isolated and economic stagnation, people enter a period of economic growth. The development of agriculture and industry will begin, leading to the development of the tertiary industry. Basic facilities such as food, clothing and shelters are becoming more and more complete. Both quantitative and qualitative aspects are considered. Modern medical technology has helped reduce mortality, but birth rates are at about the same pace. With increasing employment opportunities, people are not ready to reduce childbirth. The widespread social practices and beliefs about childbirth are deep-rooted. Therefore, at this stage, the economy is good enough, but the population is exploding.
Stage 3: After a significant increase in population, people begin to use different contraceptive methods for contraception. The more rapidly the mortality rate declines, the lower the birth rate. The public is reluctant to support the concept of a large family. Thanks to education, people living in urban areas become more active and learn the difficulty of having more children. Currently, the population is increasing, but it is decreasing.
Stage 4: Population is sluggish again. Previously, it was found that the birth rate was lower, but lower than the mortality rate. But now both concepts are equally diminished. As a result, living standards improve with economic and social development. People are rejecting superstitions, and nuclear families are now a priority. While you have a source of income, you will also increase spending on various facilities such as medical, education and transportation. Men and women are crazy about some family planning plans. Currently, the population is relatively small.
Stage 5: In Stage 5, the mortality rate exceeds the birth rate. As a result, the rate of population growth will be low. This situation is considered a concern in all developed countries.
This theory is not the only theory of the population cycle, but it is the most accepted theory. However, there are many criticisms about it. The stages are not continuous and the explanation for the decline in fertility varies from region to region. This concept cannot be generalized. This theory addresses a variety of economic and social factors, but ignores many other factors. However, this theory applies to almost all European countries.
INDIA AS A MULTICULTURAL AND PLURALISTIC SOCIETY
Multiculturalism represents the existence, acceptance, or promotion of multiple cultural traditions within a single jurisdiction and is usually considered in terms of culture associated with ethnic groups. This can be done by merging regions with two or more different cultures (for example, French Canada and English Canada), or by different jurisdictions around the world (eg Australia, Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, and many). Countries and other countries).
Multicultural ideologies and policies range from advocating equal respect for different cultures in society to promoting the maintenance of cultural diversity, and policies that treat people of different ethnic and religious groups as follows: It's very different. It is defined by the group to which it belongs.
Multiculturalism, which promotes the maintenance of the uniqueness of multiple cultures, contrasts with other settlement policies such as social integration, cultural assimilation, and segregation. Multiculturalism has been described as a "salad bowl" or "cultural mosaic."
Through different government policies and strategies, two different, seemingly contradictory strategies have been developed. The first focus is on interaction and communication between different cultures. This approach is often also known as interculturalism. The second is the focus on diversity and cultural uniqueness, which can lead to cross-cultural competition and ethnic conflicts over work. Cultural isolation protects the uniqueness of the local culture of a country or region and contributes to global cultural diversity. [A common aspect of many policies following the second approach is a particular ethnicity or religion. Centralize the value of the target or cultural community.
Indian multiculturalism
According to the 1961 Indian Census, the country has 1652 indigenous languages. Indian culture has been shaped by its long history, unique geography and diverse demographics. Indian languages, religions, dances, music, architecture and customs vary from place to place in the country, but they still have something in common. Indian culture is a fusion of these diverse subcultures that span the Indian subcontinent and traditions of thousands of years ago. The Indian caste system explains the social stratification and social limitations of the Indian subcontinent. I will. Thousands of endogamy genetic groups, often referred to as Jati or caste.
Religiously, Hindus make up the majority, followed by Muslims. Statistics are Hindu (80.5%), Muslim (13.4%), Christian (2.3%), Sikh (2.1%), Buddhist, Bahai, Jain, Jewish, and Parsi populations. Linguistically, her two major linguistic families in India are Indo-Aryan (a branch of the Indo-European language family) and Dravidian. In north eastern India, people who speak Sino-Tibetan languages are common, such as Meitei (Meitei) and Austroasiatic languages, which are recognized by the Constitution of India. India follows (officially) a three-language policy. Hindi (spoken in the form of Hindustani) is the official language of the Commonwealth, English has a quasi / quasi-official federal status, and each state has its own official language (Hindi). In the linguistic sphere, this results in bilingualism). Moreover, India has no national language. The boundaries of the states of the Republic of India are drawn primarily on the basis of language groups. This decision led to the preservation and continuation of the local folk language subculture, with the exception of Hindispraum, which itself is divided into many states. As such, most states differ from each other in language, culture, cooking, clothing, style, architecture, music, and festivals.
India is religious, including the Mopra riots, the Bombay riots, the 1984 anti-seek riots, the 2002 Gujarat riots, the 2012 Assam riots, and most recently his 2013 Muzaffarnagar riots in Uttar Pradesh. I encountered motivated violence. This applies to communities that have traditionally been at a disadvantage in public employment, such as crackdowns in the same area, owners' insecurity in offering real estate for sale or rent, and social insecurity in accepting interracial marriages. It is due.
India has the largest population of some non-Indian religions, such as Baha'i Faith and Zoroastrianism.
A multidimensional society is one in which people from different origins, backgrounds, and beliefs gather to form a society and live in it. In this case, no one has any coercion or coercion to destroy the existing belief system and adapt it to the new system. Such societies are more or less based on the principle of "live and live." Even minorities are allowed to maintain their own different identities in the matter of differentiating them.
Advantages of a pluralist society
One of the main strengths of a pluralist society is that the inhabitants are more embraced and more forgiving. They try to understand much more about the differences that others may find difficult to accept. They tend to be open to the minority.
Members of such societies are more likely to maintain their beliefs without compromising their beliefs. Those who belong to a multidimensional society understand that different perspectives and different takes may exist for the same problem. I can do it. Trying to lead people with different skills also has a positive effect on leadership skills. This ultimately helps in the decision-making process.
Weaknesses of pluralist society
There is a risk of alienation between the two factions due to overexposure to each other's belief system. This can lead to hostile acts that can easily escalate with even the slightest trigger. This may also be due to the authorities showing favor for one group over other groups. It may be difficult for people who have lived in such a society to live and adapt to a homogeneous society in a short period of time.
Countries like India and the United States are examples of pluralist societies. Indian citizens believe in a variety of religions, including Hinduism, Christianity, Islam, Sikhism, Jainism, and Buddhism, but they still live together. On the other hand, people of various ethnicities and cultures coexist in the United States. Another example of a pluralist society is Turkey, which acts as a cultural hub for two continents. When the formation of a pluralistic society is encouraged, it is known as active pluralism. The essence of pluralism is to build and build social ties.
Key takeaways:
- The rapid increase in population is mainly the result of increased food supply.
- Meanwhile, high mortality rates from hunger, illness and war since the 18th century have limited the population, and vaccinations, antibodies and pesticides have mitigated the existence of high mortality rates. The population has increased dramatically during.
- The distribution of the world's population density shows that most of the land surface is sparse or moderately dense, while some limited areas are densely populated.
- Factors discouraging settlement.
- Factors that promote settlement.
- Population explosion does not mean overpopulation or population density. In fact, overpopulation and population density are not major issues.
- The effects of the population explosion are numerous and widespread skilled labor and capital cannot increase their supply.
- To overcome this problem of population explosion, we need a sound population policy.
- India changed its national family welfare program strategy to reproductive and child health, and the 9th Five-Year Plan (1997-2002) recommended a complete change in implementation.
- Women's empowerment is essential to achieving reproductive health.
- Demographic data refers to the characteristics of an individual's population in a particular countryside. This is often defined as a study of population size, growth, age, and geographical distribution with reference to the birth, death, marriage, and immigrant populations.
- Multiculturalism represents the existence, acceptance, or promotion of multiple cultural traditions within a single jurisdiction and is usually considered in terms of culture associated with ethnic groups.
- One of the main strengths of a pluralist society is that the inhabitants are more embraced and more forgiving.
There is strong evidence that increasing world population poses a serious threat to human health, socio-economic development, and the environment. It took only 12 years for the world population to grow from her 5 billion to her 6 billion today. This is the shortest time ever to add a billion people. This corresponds to the population of India, or the combined population of the United States and Europe.
About 10,000 years ago, when only about 5 million people lived on Earth, few biological systems were seriously damaged by human activity. But today, the world is facing an environmental dilemma. Current demand is depleting many of the planet's natural resources and ecosystem services. Within the next 50 years, these life-support systems will somehow accommodate more than 3 billion people and at the standard of living of poverty-stricken people, especially those currently living on about $ 2 a year. We may have to support the urgently sought-after progress.
The impact of humans on the environment is related to population size, per capita consumption, and environmental damage caused by the technologies used to produce what is consumed. For example, the use of technology in Japan, Europe, the United States and Canada and the high consumption patterns of people have a greater negative impact on the global environment than self-sufficient farmers in Bangladesh. Although accounting for her 20% of the world's population, her 1.2 billion people in developed countries consume an estimated 67% of all resources and produce his 75% of total waste and pollution.
There are many important interactions between population growth, consumption, environmental degradation and health. Human activity has transformed an estimated 10% of the Earth's surface from forests and rangelands into deserts. The production capacity of 25% of the total agricultural land, which is equal to the combined area of India and China, has already declined. Unproductive land and food shortages are now the cause of malnutrition in 1 billion people, with infants suffering the most serious health hazards.
Deterioration of the environment, reduced food security and uncontrolled epidemics of infectious diseases have slowed and even reversed the transition to low mortality in some poor countries. Infectious diseases cause 45% of all deaths in poor countries, as opposed to developed countries, where cardiovascular disease and cancer are the leading causes of death.
Differences between nations
The distribution of the world's population density shows that most of the land surface is sparse or moderately populated, while some limited areas are densely populated. Densely populated areas include Western Europe, the Indian subcontinent, the plains and river valleys of China, and the northeastern United States. People are also concentrated in relatively small areas such as the Nile basin in Egypt, Java Island in Indonesia, and the southern part of Japan.
From a continental and national point of view, the world's population is very unbalanced. More than half of the world's population (about 3.7 billion people) lives in Asia, which is only one-fifth of her land area in the world. North America, Central America and South America together occupy more than a quarter of the country, but have a population of only one-fifth (1.3 billion). The continent of Africa also occupies a quarter of the land area, but only a little over one-eighth of the world's population (840 million people). On the other hand, Europe, which is only one-fifth of the total area, is home to about one-ninth (729 million people) of the world.
The distribution within the continent is also uneven. In Asia, China alone, with approximately 1.29 billion people, accounts for one-third of Asia and one-fifth of the world's population. There are an additional 1.3 billion people on the Indian subcontinent. India has her 1.05 billion people. Pakistan, 143.5 million people. Bangladesh, 133.6 million. Nepal, 23.9 million; Sri Lanka, 18.9 million; Bhutan, 900,000; and Maldives, 300,000. Even in Europe, the population is evenly dispersed. The population of Northern European countries is much smaller than that of other European countries. The most populous European countries are Russia (143.5 million), Germany (82.4 million), Great Britain (60.2 million) and France (59.5 million). Italy (58.1 million), Ukraine (48.2 million), Spain (41.3 million), Poland (38.6 million). In Africa and the United States, most people are very thinly spread across the land, leaving vast areas such as northern Canada, the southwestern United States, the Sahara Desert, and Amazon forests virtually uninhabited.
Problems associated with population growth:
Some of India's major population problems include:
1. Rapid population growth:
Despite many attempts to check population growth, birth rates remain high (annual exponential growth of 1.64% according to the 2011 census) but died due to the development and expansion of medical facilities I know the rate is being checked. ..
Family planning is not practiced on a large scale and in good faith, especially in rural areas. This situation increases the proportion of young people (15-24 years, 2%) as well as the elderly (32% in 2011) who depend on a relatively small workforce.
This majority of the young population puts great pressure on available medical, educational and other social facilities. It is estimated that 25 million people will be homeless and 171 million will not have access to safe drinking water due to rapid population growth.
2. Disproportionate gender composition:
According to the 2011 census, the national sex ratio (female per 1,000 men) is 940. In most countries of the world, there are more women than men. However, India and some South and East Asian countries are different. Women's mortality rates are high in these countries.
This results in more males than females in India, with a sex ratio of less than 1,000, with the exception of her two states, Kerala (1,084) and Pondicherry (1,083). India is one of the few countries where the sex ratio of children between the ages of 0 and 6 is declining.
Declining child sex ratios are the result of two main factors.
(1) High female infant mortality (compared to male infant mortality), and
(2) Female abortion.
Both reflect parental and social discrimination against girls and are inherently perceived as a matter of attitude. Experts cite social pressure and dowry demands as the reason for this threat, rather than lack of education and awareness.
3. Deterioration of living standards and malnutrition:
The standard of living of a country is also affected by its population. In India, there is a significant lack of nutrition, especially a balanced diet. The standard of living is low and the housing environment is often very poor, leading to health problems such as deficiency. People's ignorance, inadequate medical facilities, and lack of financial resources are hindering the improvement of housing and health.
4. Unemployment:
Unwanted population growth pressures increase the army of unemployed youth of employment age. Such desperate young people are a burden to society. They can drown in illegal activities and harm law-abiding people. In India, the majority of the population depends on agriculture, but agriculture is mainly driven by traditional methods, outdated equipment and inadequate financial resources. Therefore, the production volume per unit area is small.
The secondary and tertiary industries (industries and services, respectively) are relatively underdeveloped. Therefore, employment opportunities for both unskilled and semi-skilled workers are very limited. The agricultural sector does not provide employment to a large number of unskilled workers.
Educated and skilled people also have very limited employment opportunities. As a result, uneducated and educated people, skilled and unskilled, move to urban areas in search of work. In this way, towns and cities are overcrowded, living environments are deteriorating, causing socio-economic and environmental problems such as crime, delinquency, prostitution, pollution, transportation and violence.
Measures to control growth of population in India
India's population is very large and growing rapidly. A 1% growth rate means that 1 million people are added each year, but in reality he is adding 20 million people each year. Therefore, effective population control measures require time. We know that fertility is a major cause of rapid population growth. Therefore, it is necessary to adopt measures that can reduce the birth rate. These measures can be categorized into three heads.
A. Social measures:
Population explosion is a social problem and is deeply rooted in society. Therefore, it is necessary to make efforts to eliminate the social evils of this country.
1. Minimum age of marriage:
Whether you become pregnant depends on the age of your marriage. Therefore, the minimum age for marriage should be raised. In India, the minimum age for marriage is 21 for men and 18 for women. This law should be enforced and people should be informed through public relations.
2. Improving the status of women:
Discrimination against women continues to this day. They are trapped in her four walls of the house. They are still limited to child rearing and childbirth. Therefore, women should be given the opportunity to develop socially and economically. Free education should be given to them.
3. Dissemination of education:
The spread of education changes people's perspectives. Educated men like better to delay marriage and adopt small family norms. Educated women are health conscious and help reduce fertility by avoiding frequent pregnancies.
4. Recruitment:
Some parents have no children, despite the high cost of treatment. It is advisable to adopt an orphan. It is also beneficial for orphans and couples of children.
5. Changes in social outlook:
People's views on society must change. Marriage should not be considered a social binding. Don't look down on women who have no problems.
6. Social security:
More and more people should be covered under the social security system. These facilities don't want children anymore so that they don't depend on others for old age, illness, unemployment, etc.
B. Economic measures:
The economic measures are as follows.
1. Expansion of employment opportunities:
First and foremost, the most important measure is to increase employment in rural areas as well as in urban areas. In rural areas, disguised unemployment is common. Therefore, efforts are needed to move the unemployed from rural areas to urban areas. In this step you can see the population increase.
2. Agriculture and industrial development:
If agriculture and industry develop properly, many people will find employment. As their income increases, they improve their standard of living and adopt small family norms.
3. Standard of living:
Improving living standards act as a deterrent to the norms of large families. People prefer to have a small family in order to maintain a higher standard of living. According to A.K, Das Gupta is Rs. The average reproduction rate of her 100 children a month is 3.4, and the income is more than rupees. She has 300 animals a month and has a reproduction rate of 2.8 children.
4. Urbanization:
Urban people have been recorded to have lower fertility rates than those living in rural areas. Therefore, urbanization should be encouraged.
C. Other measures:
Other measures include the following.
1. Late marriage:
Whenever possible, marriage should be solemn at the age of 30. This shortens the reproductive period of women and reduces their fertility. She has set a minimum government marriage age of 21. For men and her 18 years old. For women.
2. Self control:
According to some experts, self-control is one of his powerful ways to control the population. This is an ideal and sound approach and people should follow. Helps lower the birth rate.
3. Family planning:
This method means a family of choice, not by chance. Birth rates can be adjusted by applying precautionary measures. This method is widely used. The success of this method depends on the availability of cheap contraceptive devices for contraception. According to Chander Shekher, "Hurry up the primary child, delay the second child and avoid the third child."
4. Entertainment facilities:
Birth rates will drop if there are entertainment facilities like movies. People can use the theatre, sports, dance and more.
5. Public relations:
Communication media such as television, radio and newspapers are a good way to disseminate planned family benefits, especially to uneducated and illiterate people in rural and underdeveloped areas.
6. Incentive:
Governments can be given different types of incentives to adopt contraceptive measures. Other institutions such as financial incentives and vacations and promotions can be extended to the working class, which adopts the norms of small families.
7. Employment of women:
Another way for her to check the population is to provide employment to women. Women need to be given incentives to serve in different areas. Women are also actively participating in the competition test. As a result, their numbers in education, medical care, banking, etc. are growing rapidly. Simply put, take every possible measure to control population growth.
Key takeaways:
- There is strong evidence that increasing world population poses a serious threat to human health, socio-economic development, and the environment.
- The impact of humans on the environment is related to population size, per capita consumption, and environmental damage caused by the technologies used to produce what is consumed. For example, the use of technology in Japan, Europe.
- Deterioration of the environment, reduced food security and uncontrolled epidemics of infectious diseases have slowed and even reversed the transition to low mortality in some poor countries.
- The distribution of the world's population density shows that most of the land surface is sparse or moderately populated, while some limited areas are densely populated.
- Densely populated areas include Western Europe, the Indian subcontinent, the plains and river valleys of China, and the north eastern United States.
- Problems associated with population growth:
- Measures to control growth of population in India.
Environment means “the sum total of all surroundings of a living organism, including natural forces and other living things, which provide conditions for development and growth as well as of danger and damage”. The human population is the total number of living humans on earth .Population -“all the inhabitants of a particular town, area, or country” .
Population growth and its variations
The term population has its origin the latin word populous, meaning people. In ecology, a population may be defined as a group of organism of the same species occupying a particular space. Our global human population, 7 billion at present. Increase in production per capita of agricultural produce at a global level ceased during the 1980’s. Only 15% of the world’s population in the developed world is earning 79% of income! Current development strategies that essentially lead to short-term gains have led to a breakdown of our earth’s ability to replenish the resources on which we depend.
Present development strategies have not been able to successfully address these problems related to hunger and malnutrition.in other regions famines due to drought have become more frequent. two of every three children in south africa are underweight. in some countries, food shortage has become a permanent feature.
Causes:
- Lack of birth control: The key components to unwanted population growth.
• Studies show that nearly 2/3rd of the women are poorly educated about their reproductive capabilities
• This causes many women to breed more children than are needed in their country or region.
2. Religious beliefs:
• Most of the doctrines in these religions are based on the idea that the deity they worship will prevent or support the birth of a child.
• In this way, the religions act as a birth control method of belief.
3. financial incentives:
• In certain countries with low population rates, there are financial incentives are given to the parents for educating children.
• In the united states, tax deductions were put in place to assist parents with the day-to-day costs of raising a child.
4. Fertility treatments: Modern science has found ways to stimulate the reproductive system in many ways to better ensure a pregnancy. There are many drawbacks with this procedure, however, there are chances for increased birth rates in many women.
5. Mortality rate: In most third world countries the mortality rate for children is 1 in 10 according to the world health organization. Worldwide, there are roughly 9 births for every death.
6. Industrial revolution:
• which occurred in 19th century europe and north america, involved several scientific and technological innovations, developments and advancements, have improved the quality of life and have expanded the average life span.
7. Food production: Since the mid-19th century, many agricultural innovations have enabled farmers to dramatically increase and improve food production. For instance, between 1950 and 1984, the total amount of grain harvested worldwide increased from 631 million tons to 1.65 billion tons.
8. Public health. By 1990, technological advancements facilitating cleaner cities, efficient sewage systems, nutritional knowledge and adequate homes have also lowered death rates.
9. Disease. Scientific discoveries and technological advancements that help prevent infections, cure illnesses and enable people to survive diseases have significantly promoted population growth. Vaccines have reduced the rate of infections such as smallpox, influenza etc.
Effects:
1. Waste generation:
Due to his destructive activity, humans have dumped more and more waste into the environment. Since man-made waste is not converted, it causes deterioration and reduces the environment's ability to absorb more waste. In addition, waste leads to air pollution and water pollution.
2. Threats to biodiversity:
Due to his destructive activity, humans have extracted more and more minerals from the earth. The animals were hunted and the plants disappeared. Biodiversity is lost. These lead to ecological imbalances.
3. Forest burden:
Humans have established a new residential colony. National roads and hydropower projects were built and forests were destroyed. These destructive activities are increasing, causing ecosystem imbalances.
4. Urbanization:
Rapid population growth is causing urbanization and has a negative impact on the environment. Due to population pressure, the city's natural resources are rapidly depleting due to population pressure.
In addition, the population does not have adequate sanitation and pure drinking water. As a result, people's health is adversely affected. There is no doubt that urbanization will reduce the pressure on the rural environment, but it will cause industrial growth, emissions and waste damage to the environment.
5. Industrialization:
Developing countries are following heavy industrialization policies that are causing environmental degradation. Land, air and water quality are being polluted by the establishment of industries such as fertilizers, steel, chemicals and refineries.
6. Land degradation:
Intensive farming and overuse of fertilizers and pesticides have led to overexploitation of land and water resources. These cause land degradation in the form of soil erosion, logging and salt accumulation.
7. Transportation development:
Environmental degradation is also due to the development of transportation in different parts of the world. Automobiles emit large amounts of toxic gases such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbons. Due to the development of ports, oil spills from ships are having a negative impact on fisheries, coral reefs, mangroves and landscapes.
8. Climate change:
Climate change due to greenhouse gases is irregular. The thin air layer that surrounds the Earth is more influenced by human activity than ever before. Urban people are still exposed to unacceptable levels of toxic pollutants. In addition, forests are deteriorating due to acid rain from distant industries, and greenhouse gases continue to accumulate in the atmosphere.
9. Productivity:
Deterioration of the environment not only harms health, but also reduces economic productivity. Dirty water, poor sanitation, air pollution and land degradation are causing serious illness in developing countries like India.
These reduce the productivity level of the country. To give a specific example, water pollution is reducing fisheries in rivers, ponds and canals, both in urban and rural areas. Due to water shortages, the economic activity of towns, cities and villages is declining.
Soil and hazardous waste pollute groundwater resources that cannot be used for agricultural or industrial production. Soil degradation leading to soil erosion and drought has led to silt in reservoirs and blockages in river and canal transport routes. Deforestation causes soil erosion, resulting in the loss of sustainable logging potential.
The loss of biodiversity has resulted in the loss of genetic resources.
Last but not least, changes in the atmosphere have caused disruptions in the marine food chain, damage to coastal infrastructure due to rising sea levels, and regional changes in agricultural productivity due to sea hurricanes.
Thus, the deterioration of the environment reduces the economic productivity of the country.
10. Technology:
Today, environmental pollution is caused by old technologies that release gases and pollutants, creating chemical and industrial pressures on the environment.
Women and child welfare
In the country like India, women are always having a place in the holy sermon, even people feel that the women are being a constant supporter to his family members and especially her husband. But on the other hand, the evils like dowry and female feticide are being the obstacles to the growth and development of the women. It has been seen that most of the women are living in their depressed, crushed and exploited personalities. Though some women are found dominating in exposing their strengths and talents. Now a days are leading in almost all fields. In the election also 33% seats ate kept reserved for women, so that they can explore their limits and can be a part in economic and social advancement.
- The reason why we need to provide some statutory protections to the rights of the women is, they are being forced by the family members and societies not to think out of the box . After marriage women are not encouraged to take part in any productive activities and are only allowed to take care of their family and adjust with the new environment. The traditions like dowry, sati pratha, and encouraging only male birth necessitates the needs to provide some statutory protections to the rights of women.
Following are some of the acts which helps the women to stand on their feet and enables them to fight against injustice.
Dowry prohibition act, 1961:
1. To pay or demand for dowry is a non cognizable offence, (it is cognizable as per the amendment made in the act afterwards).
2. Hindu widow remarriage bill.
3. The Hindu women’s rights to property.
4. The Hindu succession act.
5. The equal remuneration act: to equalize the wage tares for men and women employees working at the same posts.
6. Women and girl act 1956- to protect or to uplift from entrapping women to non-ethical act.
2. . Child welfare: following are some of the programmes undertaken for child welfare under the “national children board”.
- Integrated child development service:
Improving nutritional and health status of children.
Proper psychological and social development of children.
Reducing incidence of their malnutrition, mortality, morbidity and school dropout.
Enhancing capacity of mother to look after normal health and nutritional needs of child through proper health, nutrition and education.
2. Balwadi nutrition programme: (1970-71)
To provide full nutrition.
Provide facilities and informal pre-school education to children 3-5 years of age.
3. Toy bank scheme: (1986)
Toy are collected in schools from children and are sent to anganwadi, balwadi and nurseries for distributing to children who cannot afford to buy such toys.
4. Child labour eradication scheme: (1994) To shift the child labour from hazardous industries to school.
5. Mid-day meal scheme: (1995) Primary schools are provided free mid-day meal. (akshaypatra)
6. The child labour (prohibition and regulation) act, 1986: Prohibits the employment of the children under the age of 14 years.
7. Integrated child development programme: (1975-76)
Supplementary nutrition.
Immunization.
Health checking services health education.
Non-formal education.
Other related services.
Environmental and human health
Health is defined by the World Health Organization as a "state of perfection."
Physical, mental and social well-being, not just illness or unhealthy. "
The health of an individual or group depends on the complex interactions of the body and Biological, political and social areas. Over the last century, human activity and behaviour. With the increase in the atmosphere, it has played a major role in changing the global environment.
Greenhouse gases, stratospheric ozone depletion, biodiversity loss, pollution
Deterioration of water resources and soil. Next, these and other changes in the global environment. It is beginning to affect human health and well-being. All our components. The environment ultimately affects human health. Scientists have only recently begun these studies.
Most of the literature currently available focuses on the effects of climate change.
Stratospheric ozone protects the biosphere from potentially harmful doses. Ultraviolet B wave (UV-B). The recent ozone depletion in the stratosphereIncreases UV-B reaching the surface. UV-B radiation is a widespread cause.
Potentially harmful effects on human and animal health, primarily skin, eyes, and
Immune system. Human exposure to UV-B is a personal location (latitude and 7 altitude), time and timing of outdoor activities (time, season),and Precautions (use of sunscreen, sunglasses, or protective clothing). Personal Skin color and age can affect the occurrence and severity of some health effects. Exposure to UV-B.
Domestic wastewater contains pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, and parasites. Therefore, contaminated water can carry water-borne disease bacteria such as yellow und.Cholera, typhoid fever, amebiasis, etc. Such pollution may make the water unsuitable for drinking, bathing, swimming and even irrigation.
Heavy metal pollution of water can cause serious health problems. Mercury poisoning due to ingestion of mercury-contaminated fish (water intoxication)
Water bay in Japan was detected in 1952. Mercury compounds in wastewater are converted. By the action of bacteria on the highly toxic methylmercury, which can cause numbness in the limbs, lips and tongue, deafness, blurred vision, confusion. Cadmium contamination can cause: Itai-itai disease (a disease that causes pain in bones and joints), liver cancer, lung.
Groundwater is threatened with pollution in many places in India.
Penetration from industrial waste and municipal waste and wastewater, sewage canals and agriculture Outflow. For example, excess nitrate in drinking water is dangerous to human health and deadly for young children. It reacts with haemoglobin to form non-functional methemoglobin. Inhibits oxygen transport. This is called methemoglobinemia or blue child syndrome.
Excess fluoride in drinking water causes tooth deformity, hardened bones, and hard and painful joints. (Skeletal fluorosis). In many parts of India, groundwater is contaminated with arsenic. From arsenic that naturally occurs in rock. Possibility of overfishing of groundwater it begins to leach arsenic from soil and rock sources and pollutes groundwater. Chronic exposure to arsenic causes black foot disease. Arsenic is diarrhea, peripheral neuritis, and hyperkeratosis, as well as lung and skin cancer.Vector-borne diseases are diseases transmitted by pathogenic microorganisms. Infected individuals to other individuals, sometimes with others, by arthropods or other pathogens, an animal that acts as an intermediary host. Communication depends on attributes, requirements for at least three different organisms: pathogens, viruses, protozoa, bacteria, (worms); vectors where arthropods such as mites are common or mosquitoes; and human hosts. In addition, tame and / or wild animals often function as a reservoir of pathogens until the sensitive humans are extinct. It was exposed.
Almost half of the world's population is infected with vector-borne diseases, resulting in high morbidity and mortality. The distribution of the incidence of vector-borne disease is as follows:
Very unbalanced
Tropical and subtropical areas. Weather Affects Vector Vital Statistics and Diseases transmittance with temperature and humidity as important variables. Recently researchers sought to predict how climate change would affect the distribution of vectors sick. In a comprehensive model, the direct impact (temperature and precipitation) and indirect effects (such as changes in hydrology and agriculture)
Global warming on agents, vectors, intermediary hosts, and human hosts. Response each element of the disease process to climate change can influence other elements. Diesel emissions have been classified by many government agencies as potentially carcinogenic to humans.
Authorities including the International Agency for Research on Cancer (WHO). It includes more it is 40 harmful air pollutants and may be associated with asthma in school children. Diesel exhaust exacerbates asthma and causes inflammation of the airways.
Effects:
1. Waste generation:
Due to his destructive activity, humans have dumped more and more waste into the environment. Since man-made waste is not converted, it causes deterioration and reduces the environment's ability to absorb more waste. In addition, waste leads to air pollution and water pollution.
2. Threats to biodiversity:
Due to his destructive activity, humans have extracted more and more minerals from the earth. The animals were hunted and the plants disappeared. Biodiversity is lost. These lead to ecological imbalances.
3. Forest burden:
Humans have established a new residential colony. National roads and hydropower projects were built and forests were destroyed. These destructive activities are increasing, causing ecosystem imbalances.
4. Urbanization:
Rapid population growth is causing urbanization and has a negative impact on the environment. Due to population pressure, the city's natural resources are rapidly depleting due to population pressure.
In addition, the population does not have adequate sanitation and pure drinking water. As a result, people's health is adversely affected. There is no doubt that urbanization will reduce the pressure on the rural environment, but it will cause industrial growth, emissions and waste damage to the environment.
5. Industrialization:
Developing countries are following heavy industrialization policies that are causing environmental degradation. Land, air and water quality are being polluted by the establishment of industries such as fertilizers, steel, chemicals and refineries.
6. Land degradation:
Intensive farming and overuse of fertilizers and pesticides have led to overexploitation of land and water resources. These cause land degradation in the form of soil erosion, logging and salt accumulation.
7. Transportation development:
Environmental degradation is also due to the development of transportation in different parts of the world. Automobiles emit large amounts of toxic gases such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbons. Due to the development of ports, oil spills from ships are having a negative impact on fisheries, coral reefs, mangroves and landscapes.
8. Climate change:
Climate change due to greenhouse gases is irregular. The thin air layer that surrounds the Earth is more influenced by human activity than ever before. Urban people are still exposed to unacceptable levels of toxic pollutants. In addition, forests are deteriorating due to acid rain from distant industries, and greenhouse gases continue to accumulate in the atmosphere.
9. Productivity:
Deterioration of the environment not only harms health, but also reduces economic productivity. Dirty water, poor sanitation, air pollution and land degradation are causing serious illness in developing countries like India.
These reduce the productivity level of the country. To give a specific example, water pollution is reducing fisheries in rivers, ponds and canals, both in urban and rural areas. Due to water shortages, the economic activity of towns, cities and villages is declining.
Soil and hazardous waste pollute groundwater resources that cannot be used for agricultural or industrial production. Soil degradation leading to soil erosion and drought has led to silt in reservoirs and blockages in river and canal transport routes. Deforestation causes soil erosion, resulting in the loss of sustainable logging potential.
The loss of biodiversity has resulted in the loss of genetic resources.
Last but not least, changes in the atmosphere have caused disruptions in the marine food chain, damage to coastal infrastructure due to rising sea levels, and regional changes in agricultural productivity due to sea hurricanes.
Thus, the deterioration of the environment reduces the economic productivity of the country.
10. Technology:
Today, environmental pollution is caused by old technologies that release gases and pollutants, creating chemical and industrial pressures on the environment.
Understanding the Human Development Index (HDI)
The Human Development Index (HDI) was established to focus on the individual, or more precisely, the opportunity to achieve a satisfying job and life. Assessing a country's potential for individual human development is a supplementary measure to assess a country's level of development, in addition to taking into account standard economic growth statistics such as gross domestic product (GDP).
This index can also be used to examine different policy choices in each country. For example, if two countries have about the same Gross National Income (GNI) per capita, it helps to assess why human development outcomes are so different. HDI advocates hope it can be used to stimulate such productive public policy debates.
How is the HDI measured?
The HDI is a summary measure of basic achievement in human development. Her HDI in the calculated country is an average of indicators of each aspect of the surveyed life (knowledge and understanding, long and healthy living, acceptable standard of living). Each of the four components is normalized to a scale between 0 and 1 and the geometric mean of the three components is calculated. 2
The health aspect of the HDI is measured by life expectancy calculated at birth in each country and is normalized so that this component equals 0 when life expectancy is 20 years and equals 1 when life expectancy is 85.2 years. It has been.
Education is measured at two levels. The average number of years of schooling for a resident of the country and the number of years of schooling that the child is expected to reach the average age of schooling. Each of these is normalized individually, with an average age of 15 equal to 1 and an expected age of 18 years equal to 1, and two simple averages are calculated.
The metric chosen to represent the standard of living is her GNI per capita based on Purchasing Power Parity (PPP), a common metric used to reflect average income. The standard of living is normalized to be 1 for a GNI per capita of $ 75,000 and 0 for a GNI per capita of $ 100. The final Human Development Index score for each country is calculated as the geometric mean of the three components by taking the cube root of the product of the normalized component scores.
Index limits
The HDI is a simplification and a clearly limited assessment of human development. The HDI does not specifically reflect quality of life factors such as empowerment movements or overall peace of mind. Recognizing these facts, the Human Development Report Office (HDRO) provides additional composite indicators to assess other aspects of life, including issues of inequality such as gender inequality and racial inequality. Offers. We will investigate these and other factors, including the country's economic growth rate, increased employment opportunities, and the success of initiatives taken to improve the country's overall quality of life.
Some economists have criticized the high correlation between the HDI and its components, and as a result of a simpler measure of per capita income, the HDI is inherently redundant. .. GNI per capita (or GDP per capita) is highly correlated with the overall HDI and both the other two factors, both value and ranking. Given these strong and consistent correlations, compare GNI per capita across countries rather than spending time and resources collecting data for additional components that provide little or no additional information throughout the index. It's easier and clearer.
Indeed, the basic principle of composite index design is not to include multiple additional components that are strongly correlated in a way that suggests that they may reflect the same underlying phenomenon. This is to prevent inefficient double counting and add potential error sources to the data.
For HDI, including components is problematic. This is because higher average incomes are more likely to directly lead to increased investment in formal education and both health and longevity, and may have different definitions and measurements of years of schooling and life expectancy. Widely from country to country.
World Happiness Index
The 2020 World Happiness Index survey was conducted by Gallup World Poll, and six more factors were considered, giving India a lower rank than the previous survey.
Gallup World Poll is used in surveys that rank countries around the world in the World Happiness Index. It takes into account levels of GDP, life expectancy of the population, social conditions and support, levels of corruption, civil liberties, sustainable development and more. It also takes into account the well-being of people in urban and rural areas of India.
The 2020 World Happiness Report has been released by the Sustainable Development Solutions Network. It turns out that Finland has once again reached the top of the charts. Finland is the happiest country in the world. About the 2020 World Happiness Index. India is ranked near the bottom of the list, which is a disastrous result for the country. Finland beat Denmark and Switzerland. The Happiness Index was first created by the Global Happiness Council, an independent group of academic well-being experts. The group has published the World Happiness Report (WHR) annually since 2012.
The definition of the Happiness Index comes from the Bhutan Gross National Happiness Index. Bhutan began to prioritize happiness over other factors such as wealth, comfort and economic growth in her 1972. They have created an indicator of well-being based on multiple measurable factors and have been tracking this indicator ever since.
This prompted the Happiness and Happiness Council to devise its own definition of the Happiness Index, which was produced in the 2012 World Happiness Report.
The happiness index was defined as follows:
The happiness index is "not very satisfied" or "not satisfied at all" from the weighted (sampling weighted) rate of respondents who answered "very satisfied" or "quite satisfied". Is defined as the weighting factor of the respondents who answered "100". Therefore, the index range is 0 to 200.
Since then, the World Happiness Report has moved away from this definition. The term "Happy Planet Index" does not appear at all in the 2018 World Happiness Report.
The report has come to determine the same concept as the "ladder of happiness." Whenever I use the term happiness index in this article, I'm also talking about this happiness ladder.
World Happiness Report: What is it?
The World Happiness Index Report is a global survey of the well-being of people in 156 countries around the world, ranked based on subjective well-being. It explores the depth of social, urban and environmental factors that affect our well-being.
How is the survey conducted?
The most important basis for this study is the Gallup world Poll, but there are other sets of data analyzed. Gallup evaluates life through polls, which is the basis of the well-being rankings of countries around the world. Surveys are showing interest and people want to know how their country works on the world stage. They also want to know how a country is ranked high on the list in terms of people's overall well-being, and what important factors are added to the quality of the ranking. I think. They want to know if there is a secret of happiness that people in each country are enjoying.
The theme of this year's Happiness Report is the dimensions of environment, society, cities and nature. Below is a list of the top 20 happiest countries in the world.
- Finland
- Denmark
- Switzerland
- Iceland
- Norway
- Netherlands
- Sweden
- New Zealand
- Austria
- Luxembourg
- Canada
- Australia
- United Kingdom
- Israel
- Costa Rica
- Ireland
- Germany
- United States
- Czech Republic
- Belgium
UNO has released its Annual World Happiness Report for the United Nations Annual International Day of Happiness on March 20, 2020. The report is at the top of the list showing Finland as the happiest country in the world. It has maintained the same ranking for the third consecutive year. The World Happiness Report, a turning point in the World Happiness Index 2020, shows how happy citizens in each country perceive themselves. The survey takes into account the social environment, the well-being of people in towns and rural areas, and the relationship between well-being and sustainable development. In the context of today's pandemics, measuring people's perceived well-being is becoming increasingly important. About the crisis. Previous studies were conducted after natural disasters such as floods, hunger, tsunamis and economic collapse, and investigated how people feel about the level of rescue, support from authorities, medical support systems and returns after the crisis. Did. About jobs lost due to recession.
People are happy and a pleasant surprise to know how much their neighbors have helped and how supportive the community has been in rebuilding and relocating. Happiness increases when citizens take a positive view of the working environment, social conditions, law and order, and governance despite disasters. Afghanistan is the most unfortunate of all the countries in the world. Then Sudan. Unfortunately, India is in the bottom 10 of a very unfortunate country. India has been steadily declining since her last survey in 2017.
This is the eighth World Happiness Report based on several indicators of well-being and well-being, and social and economic development. The first happiness report was prepared at Columbia University's Institute for Earth Sciences. The recent foundation of the report is the Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN).
Report data source
A variety of data was used to create the report, but the most important is the Gallup World Poll. It is a collection of surveys from around the world and is extremely reliable. Ratings from these Gallup surveys support the annual happiness ranking. From 2020, Gallup will continue to be a complete data partner. The importance of Gallup's research is unanimously recognized. Report authors are experienced and knowledgeable and contribute to the quality of their reports.
Gallup's data partners are the Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN), the Center for Sustainable Development at the University of Columbia, the Center for Economic Performance at the Vancouver School of Economics, and the Wellbeing Research Center in Oxford.
What are the factors used to explain the Happiness Index?
This happiness index is already very interesting, but as we know, a single number cannot explain the underlying principles that determine happiness.
That is why the World Happiness Report is even more advanced. The authors have discovered many important factors that may explain variability in well-being.
This is important because these important factors allow us to not only observe happiness data, but also learn from it.
This is also the reason for tracking happiness in addition to happiness in happiness tracking. To learn from the data, we need more variables than just one number.
Key variables of the happiness index
The authors of the World Happiness Report have identified seven key factors that most correlate with the Happy Planet Index.
I would like to show how countries rank these factors, measuring how much these factors correlate with the actual well-being index.
- GDP per capita
Gross domestic product (GDP) is simply the value of all goods and services a country produces in a year. This number is usually calculated by the national statistics agency. Each country calculates GDP independently, but this makes sense because it requires a lot of sensitive information to calculate this number.
Dividing GDP by the country's total population gives GDP per capita.
This is arguably the most common way to determine the level of wealth in a country. And, as most of you know, the wealth of a country is highly correlated with the well-being of that country.
National wealth correlates well with the Happy Planet Index. Money buys happiness to some extent. I analyzed all my personal finances and I came to the same conclusion myself!
And this makes sense. Money enables development, growth, convenience and much more that can lead to higher levels of well-being.
An interesting outlier here is Costa Rica. Despite its relatively low GDP compared to Western standards, the population still ranks very high in the Happy Planet Index! I myself have worked twice in Costa Rica, but: You can confirm that. All Costa Ricans look very happy. Sure, the country is plagued by crime, poor infrastructure and violence, but it doesn't seem to stop people's happiness.
b. Social support
The next important factor in the World Happiness Report is "social support".
Social support is defined by the same findings from Gallup World Poll data.
People could only answer yes or no. Yes is equal to 1 and No is equal to 0. The average of all answers is a single value that represents the amount of social support that exists in the country.
Of the 157 countries surveyed, the Central African Republic (by far) receives the lowest level of social support. This can be easily explained by the ongoing conflicts that the country has experienced. Still, the happiness index is not the lowest.
This indicates that the correlation between the happiness index and the level of social support is more exponential rather than linear. Lack of social support seems to affect the well-being index to a certain level.
c. Healthy life expectancy
Healthy life expectancy estimates represent the estimated life expectancy "healthy" years of a child at birth. It is calculated by WHO based on over 100 different health factors.
d. Freedom to make life choices
Freedom of choice in life is another important component of the Happy Planet Index.
Key takeaways:
- Environment means “the sum total of all surroundings of a living organism, including natural forces and other living things, which provide conditions for development and growth as well as of danger and damage”.
- The term population has its origin the latin word populous, meaning people. In ecology, a population may be defined as a group of organism of the same species occupying a particular space.
- In most third world countries the mortality rate for children is 1 in 10 according to the world health organization.
- Rapid population growth is causing urbanization and has a negative impact on the environment.
- Climate change due to greenhouse gases is irregular.
- In the country like India, women are always having a place in the holy sermon, even people feel that the women are being a constant supporter to his family members and especially her husband.
- Health is defined by the World Health Organization as a "state of perfection."
- Physical, mental and social well-being, not just illness or unhealthy. "
- Weather Affects Vector Vital Statistics and Diseases transmittance with temperature and humidity as important variables.
- The Human Development Index (HDI) is a statistic developed and edited by the United Nations to measure the level of social and economic development in different countries.
- The HDI is a summary measure of basic achievement in human development. Her HDI in the calculated country is an average of indicators of each aspect of the surveyed life (knowledge and understanding, long and healthy living, acceptable standard of living).
- The HDI is a simplification and a clearly limited assessment of human development.
- The 2020 World Happiness Index survey was conducted by Gallup World Poll, and six more factors were considered, giving India a lower rank than the previous survey.
- Gallup World Poll is used in surveys that rank countries around the world in the World Happiness Index.
- The happiness index is "not very satisfied" or "not satisfied at all" from the weighted (sampling weighted) rate of respondents who answered "very satisfied.
- The World Happiness Index Report is a global survey of the well-being of people in 156 countries around the world, ranked based on subjective well-being.
- The most important basis for this study is the Gallup world Poll, but there are other sets of data analyzed.
- UNO has released its Annual World Happiness Report for the United Nations Annual International Day of Happiness on March 20, 2020. Number cannot explain the underlying principles that determine happiness.
- Key variables of the happiness index.
Case Study
With a rapidly growing population of one billion, food security concerns and other development needs seeking answers, India's land-use dynamics have changed rapidly over the last few decades. It was. The complex relationship between a country's population and land-use dynamics is exacerbated by a high degree of heterogeneity in ecological conditions, extreme socio-economic differences, and linguistic and cultural diversity within social structures. These differences are manifested in his two research sites selected for India: Kerala in south western India and Haryana in the north western part of the country.
Two sites were selected to explore a variety of contrasting ecological and social characteristics (see map). The humid tropical region of Kerala is extremely densely populated. The population itself is characterized by large-scale migration from the region, minimal domestic population growth, reliance on food imports from outside the region, the highest level of literacy in the country, and the large middle class. Is there. In addition, in Kerala, weak parts of society, especially women, enjoy a high degree of empowerment. In contrast, in a semi-arid / dry environment, Haryana has a large gap between rich and poor, the highest population growth rate in the country, a very low literacy rate, and a relatively low level of gender empowerment. Haryana benefits from being in the country's Green Revolution zone and is a major food exporter to the rest of the country, contributing significantly to national food self-sufficiency.
Kerala
Kerala, a small land in the Arabian Sea, has three different terrain zones, the coastal lowlands, the highlands of the Western Ghats in the east, and the middle middle zone, up to 2,694 meters above sea level. Level. The lowlands (sea surface) are well known for the widespread cultivation of rice and coconut, while the highlands are home to forests and plantation crops such as tea, coffee, rubber and cardamom. The undulating central region, which occupies about 42% of the total land area of Kerala, has a variety of annual and perennial crop systems.
Precipitation in Kerala is limited to the southwest monsoon (June-September) and the northeast monsoon (October-November). Average annual temperatures range from 25 ° C to 31 ° C in the lowlands and midlands, with cooler temperatures in the mountains.
In 1956, the current state of Kerala opened her two densely populated states: Travancore in the south and Cochin, now the central region (which had a long history of progressive social policy). It was formed by merging. It was part of the Madras Presidency during British rule. Therefore, the political history of the three regions is slightly different. Of the three, Malabar is more underdeveloped.
Malayalam is the official language, but the border areas are inhabited by Tamil and Kannada-speaking ethnic minorities. Of the major religious groups, Hindus form the majority (about 57%), followed by Muslims (about 23%) and Christians (about 19%).
Over the last few decades, the state's vital statistics and land use have changed dramatically, especially due to migration to the Malabar region. The movement from lowlands to highlands within the same area is also remarkable. Migration from the state to other parts of the country or to Middle Eastern countries is another factor influencing the dynamics of land use, and in fact the state's own economy through the funds (remittances) sent home by those who left. .
Rapid urbanization and rapid changes in land use from annual plantations to prolific plantations are partly due to vital statistics (mainly determined by demographic and gender-related factors) and government policies. A major change in recent years has been the shift from paddy rice cultivation to plantation crops such as rubber and coconut. However, as the number of rice-growing areas declines, women's status in rural markets weakens and they find themselves somewhat left behind.
Haryana
Haryana was founded in 1966 when the then-complex Punjab was linguistically reorganized. The presence of a Hindu and Sikh population from Pakistan contributes to the socio-cultural diversity of the region. Like Kerala, Haryana is one of her small provinces in India. She covers an area of 44,212 square kilometers and has a population of approximately 16.5 million. Based on topography and drainage, the state can be divided into semi-arid but well-irrigated plains in the east, dry plains in the west with severe wind erosion, dunes and water table, and plains in the south with rocks. I can do it. Exposure of the Aravalli hill range.
In contrast to Kerala, Haryana has a continental climate, with hot and dry summers from March to June, a rainy monsoon from July to September, and cold winters from October to February. Winter rain is light, but important for winter crops. The deep, loamy alluvium in the state's semi-arid regions supports a variety of crops such as wheat, corn, legumes, millet, sugar cane and cotton under irrigated conditions. Millet and legumes cultivated under rainwater conditions are mainly planted in the sandy and sandy loam ceric soils of the arid areas.
Rice-wheat mating is predominantly in Haryana and other Ganges plains in India. Rice is sown during the warm monsoon season and wheat is a winter crop. Over the past few decades, Haryana has seen expansion, strengthening and diversification of grain, oilseed and cotton planting patterns, primarily as a result of government policy, but the economy is also an important driver of change. It has become. The negative environmental impact of these pressures on the land is most felt in the arid regions of the state. Agricultural intensification has caused water table drops and salinization in both semi-arid and arid areas, but more severe in arid areas.
Another important land activity in the state is livestock, with cows and buffaloes producing milk and goats and sheep mainly producing meat and some wool. In fact, Haryana is a major dairy center, and local consumption levels and exports have contributed to people's health and the state's economy. Aside from land degradation due to overgrazing, this dimension has had a unique impact on land use dynamics, as the land needed for feed production must be allocated from cultivated land.
Haryana has a lower literacy rate than Kerala, just above the national average of 52%. Patriarchy is deeply rooted in Haryana. Women here, in contrast to women in Kerala, may play a major role in land-use jobs, but she is still subordinate to men in all areas of life. In addition, early marriage and high fertility habits have been somewhat favored by rapid economic development, especially in urban areas, but still remain among the rural population. This is in sharp contrast to the situation in Kerala.
In short, Indian research sites provide contrasting social, economic, demographic and gender aspects of the problem.
It is based on the dynamics of land use. Kerala is characterized by a high degree of human resource development and faces issues related to demographic pressure and rapidly changing demographics. Although Haryana is very prosperous economically, issues centered on human resource development are a burden.
Reference:
1. Https://www.embibe.com/exams/natural-resources/
2. Https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/resources-conservation
3. Https://ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/modelcurriculum/Chapter2.pdf
4. Https://www.saviom.com/blog/what-is-resource-utilization-and-its-significance/
5. Https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/