{"id":7617,"date":"2022-04-15T17:47:46","date_gmt":"2022-04-15T12:17:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.goseeko.com\/blog\/?p=7617"},"modified":"2025-06-02T20:50:31","modified_gmt":"2025-06-02T15:20:31","slug":"what-are-relations-and-their-types","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.goseeko.com\/blog\/what-are-relations-and-their-types\/","title":{"rendered":"What are relations and their types?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Overview<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Introduction:<\/strong>  In order to understand the concept of relations, let\u2019s consider the following example:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1. &nbsp; &nbsp; 100 is greater than 99<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2. &nbsp; &nbsp; 9 is divisible by 3<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3. &nbsp; &nbsp; Jaipur is the capital of Rajasthan<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In each of the sentence, there is a relationship between two objects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hence, we can define the relation as below-<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We define a relation in terms of ordered pairs-<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>An order pair of elements of x and y, where x is the first element and y is the second element, we denote it by (x, y),<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(x, y) = (p, q)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If and only if x = p and y = q<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Thus <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh3.googleusercontent.com\/2UcesLUV_pha-cq0YKF7tGq30QSdoJUUfwmn5Rn6UCAfaYzOCOqOUif8gRT0atrg7pT1ToKSKpy2btHJJBLlg1SxsaDEBbMS93C2tRBWh5uIplVmd_EUoBnHlI6cfPEQQQZfz57Y\" width=\"93\" height=\"23\"> unless x = y<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Product sets-<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Suppose we have two sets X and Y. the set of all ordered pairs (x, y) where <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh3.googleusercontent.com\/VC1Kr7FC_-rsbIjjTv7KqZI1wECr-OPppl0oGHsr79GHkQVJLz7XUFpdMzqszijyYuGITcjbpt2VSlHuw-VIw5So7Qr3p9JIqNpAFEpuS8V9Auz8PNG9mcOCzPc26vGuG1ihz9Tn\" width=\"111\" height=\"25\"> is called the Cartesian product of X and Y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We represent it as follows-<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh3.googleusercontent.com\/9FY0WzITmdE0rQFvEIzG5bFqK4QOvmiyI99q4mt4SXAahDiHx8bo93qyEn5mv-RZnPqrZzFnCC92UgV9QSBWo0L-vhiRi4KtOZzAVdzW9wAkEGMa18gLrgpZu1kvYj5-fnbayARF\" alt=\"\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>And we read it as X cross Y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Relation-<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Let X and Y are two sets, A relation from X to Y is a subset of <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh6.googleusercontent.com\/Lu3KMlbNlj-J339WDQDyX4C_irI15mN2kpKT_NLWt2zG0TJRxtWGro_CL1enc0tedo47DU4e3i3odkjUexmzaC_67gewWUdVoEcfperYFsNgz-XIMksmayEgxaDb2b8b09B-YWIo\" width=\"39\" height=\"18\">.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Now suppose R is a relation form X to Y, then R is a set of ordered pairs where each first element comes from X and each second element comes from Y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For each pair <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh5.googleusercontent.com\/DgP1CzZAQRZescxIIUDhEJuAhd1LSRN4gECPc_R_7MnK_H5cDF0Q6OPU81ytdlq8NT3jV9icb2g1Oh_LrAGfaD050vMPXzvVBGo4dX1bqMFnXCzIavopjix7K3LIL-1_sN_j2frh\" width=\"107\" height=\"17\">, one the following rule is true-<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh6.googleusercontent.com\/2_5YkJUCOsx3w_3HxspRqPDLMxLP0y9mgVWo5P2iQZAJKXRy05LEebJMrvyCRtUC2vYYFHw0-9kgQO39a4-1vwwLpthkrfoWAmmW_X58zl9mdeSVCKgntzXn89Mz2pYIhPuCaIgl\" alt=\"\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The domain of a relation R is the set of all first elements of the ordered pairs which belongs to R, and range is the second element.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Pictorial representation of relations-<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Let A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {a, b, c} and R ={(1, a), (1, b), (2, c)}<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>we represent this relation in picture format as-<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh6.googleusercontent.com\/Enn96K4xeRMC1Y8A8EGaOKI0TQp876FUDB6RFFmq5FL1rvyUO69Y3bb2X1RY8OpA96k5hcbDlLP3c9JJ5kW9XRm3r8ZmLztgXXE9KbpqSDnc7jiYO6PGK-07M0_daQ3h4wRxHDE9\" alt=\"\" width=\"324\" height=\"138\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Inverse relation-<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Let R be any relation from set X to set Y. the inverse of R is the relation form Y o X which consists of those ordered pairs which, when reversed, belong to R, such that-<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh4.googleusercontent.com\/oAL2on-vNi-KX7C_kP7kluzTvATnib8AfNQ-I21d37_LGJiXtDwdJDOJV--lC6oMq_6MIOvaBQgn8eYKICEmHjmeCIUNl96Yh7hB6RzFE2bRJNOa6CppmsA1a9MawFOkFHNfH9Db\" alt=\"\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Example- If R = {(1, x),(1, y),(2, z)} then <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh5.googleusercontent.com\/Nvo15U9iRLVFS8MJ5Bcu66I6fi-tcjx-lghGH0C7czeCK4OUMR-3ZyANDO16HQIMaOVPeROr1hGM_gE-gZxnLSW3RylHViuYymRLkrhmnIF0fHOLzPcaOsm2OYF6yZ14o3Zr48NH\" width=\"177\" height=\"23\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Composition of relations-<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Let X, Y and Z are three sets and R be a relation from X to Y and S is a relation from Y to Z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>So that R is a subset of&nbsp; <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh4.googleusercontent.com\/2RldCyotvb5puzChpQh1fjozTf-tDUthEgJANho7v9bQzs_JU9rkQAs0aqNyO_fc2frJ-wWU6OjXEQtnlDgZX-2XVeBN3R_uyGn2YxCVJVeVQ0V-ltTlpYnH-1EhUmrzml-wSq79\" width=\"42\" height=\"25\"> and S is a subset of <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh6.googleusercontent.com\/PYFlyR_in4av8NaGiyA6GeJdR42_XJmYdRslm66-SqpV-dRlOUzCyhAr9NcKENyCtanW6agJHIrgUTo_cd_bGSnbwCpaYKqKsFnPBgC54ULU8cmZDdEXO6NH269i5PhXONu8ggme\" width=\"40\" height=\"23\">.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Then R and S give a relation form X to Z which is denoted by RoS,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>And can be defined as follows-<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh3.googleusercontent.com\/3PMVF5wmAZ-hbAoYFib9o1T_zsr9f1i-i1TKs9oCg6uV6X3d7vSLufvYWNu_GseMU-SY38YC2s_9MqrWHJDSDKQyLbdX4omx6SX91ho5H9vqYoGWA9HtmTSoUWkn0646NsjUhNH7\" alt=\"\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The relation RoS is called the composition of R and S.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Note- If R is a relation on a set A, that is, R is a relation from a set A to itself. Then the composition of R is RoR. Denoted by R^2 .<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Types of relations-<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. Reflexive relations&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A relation R on a set X is reflexive if xRx for every x <strong>\u2208<\/strong> X. that is is (x, x) for every x <strong>\u2208 <\/strong>X. thus R is not reflexive if there exists x belongs to X such that (x, x) does not belongs to R.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. Symmetric and anti-symmetric relations-<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A relation R on a set X is said to be symmetric if whenever xRy then yRx, that is if whenever (x, y)\u2208R then (y, x)\u2208R<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>R is said to be anti-symmetric if (x, y)\u2208X such that (x, y)\u2208R but (y, x) does not belong to R.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3. Transitive relation-<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A relation R on a set X is said to be transitive if whenever xRy and yRzthen&nbsp; xRz, that is, if whenever (x, y), (y, z)\u2208R then (x, z)\u2208R<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Equivalence relation-<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A relation in a set R is said to be an equivalence relation in A, If R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Irreflexive relation<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A relation R on a set A is irreflexive if aRafor every a \u2208A<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Example-<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Let A = {1, 2, 3} and<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>R = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 1), (2, 1)}<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Then the relation R is irreflexive on A.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Asymmetric relation-<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>A relation R defined on a set A is asymmetric if whenever aRb, then <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh4.googleusercontent.com\/pqfs1P4QAt6LrzYQtSRT2Jf7PofEmzY3Ow16itlzMkpd9ZV7busY92R_P_LBejcax8yax-r_dyggg-L0njRgqgBt7_I_O885mOq7WctzUbLbcDc3zLh19vLrgbq7lKcVWmWrBabI\" style=\"width: 30px\">.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Example:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Let A = {a, b, c} and R = {(a, b), (b, c)} be a relation on A. then R is a symmetric.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Compatible relation-<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>A relation R in A is said to be a compatible relation if it is reflexive and symmetric.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If R is an equivalence relation on A, then R is compatible relation on A.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Universal relation-<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A relation R in a set A is said to be universal relation if<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>R = A \u00d7 A<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Example:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Let A = {1, 2, 3}, then<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>R = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3)}<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>is a universal relation on A.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Complementary relation-<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Let R be a relation from A to B, then the complement of R denoted by R\u2032and is<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Expressed in terms of R as follows;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>aRb if <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh5.googleusercontent.com\/3CE54G2BRC5xCl0dwwGjCaIpcDaW1ndym2UI-vPpNlx7GONg_WdnIHBMblAA9UtCPMKRZWTydcU1_w_ZHvO8d9L3_y_bvepLrlrMeKlyo2A_cdJBLUgv-DvSFDZ70f1rPtuAw_bG\" style=\"width: 30px\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The inverse of a relation-<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Let R be a relation from A to B. Then the relation <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh3.googleusercontent.com\/_HGx4BTi_qk8hjIEpwPQMsbzJscTgDX1xrU92llmsp6JhY2ZqPnGvcsjsHMqHgTv3PZ9dwvwgaHcQkh7-raTN6rT6lX2UQ_YKFDXojuSak94KzEuY2nQoadwSRTi4xFIvj3tcjWS\" style=\"width: 100px\"> from B to A is called the inverse of R.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Equivalence relations<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Definition-<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A relation R in a set A is said to be an equivalence relation in A, if R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Example- Let A = {a, b, c}, and R = {(a, a), (a, b), (b, a), (b, b), (b, c), (c, a), (c, b), (c, c)} then R is an equivalence relation in A.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Example: Let Z denote the set of integers and the relation R in Z be defined by \u201caRb\u201d iffa \u2013 b is an even integer\u201d. Then show that R is an equivalence relation.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Sol.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1. R is reflexive; since<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2205 = a \u2212a is even, hence aRafor every a\u2208Z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2. R is symmetric:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If a \u2013 b is even then b \u2013 a = \u2013 (a \u2013 b) is also even hence aRb\u21d2bRa<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3. R is transitive: for if aRband bRcthen both a \u2013 b and b \u2013 c are even.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Consequently, a \u2013 c = (a \u2013 b) + (b \u2013 c) is also even.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2234aRband bRc\u21d2aR c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Thus, R is an equivalence relation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Transitive closure of relations<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Let R be a relation on the set A. R1&nbsp; denote the transitive extension of R, R2 denote the transitive extension of&nbsp; and in general&nbsp; denote the transitive extension of&nbsp; then the transitive closure of R is defined as the set union of <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh3.googleusercontent.com\/J9odKEAPet8CnZFdDkr45lvP1B0EeWORtAdeW0W-FqQ-TycGER0o1mlxLGfJUcGQ5HUSizUlNvagHppqv6wcpTTuUFD4UVVPyqESQzSV-CmgdDk_7PwkN_KTkSIuNi8nfBGBE-5Q\" width=\"208\" height=\"25\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It is denoted by<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh3.googleusercontent.com\/uu1Ie7WTxcPT4SWNgc7Bp2p7y5tFd8t0o1pKkj0atIEqioZlyaL7dxqlxImLGKIvB3cVYx_ikHf9_LG723o87JLEtJK3c3cnHDK-riwAGbp6R2EO-5dGV66k4OxMTAIgqBqozc5M\" width=\"40\" height=\"21\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Thus<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh6.googleusercontent.com\/J9jfF9CJdx7DYtGFk7PiToYaaVpCYArAK7uu9tjL0_JxIP1uDvz5yuAFT7N0eZxGukfNcOS2iOmPRHRifHkmjfxiP1fQ7mFBwyqnxOXipo2ZZcmZsx34ttTJPcuW_uNP3Trn9IKh\" alt=\"\" \/><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introduction: In order to understand the concept of relations, let\u2019s consider the following example:<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":5515,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[31],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7617","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-maths"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.3.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>What are relations and their types? 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